A prerequiste to a successful radiation oncology prgram is accurate treatment planning and consistent treatment delivery. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission and most state regulatory bodies have published quality assurance guidelines requiring interval testing of the simulation, treatment planning, and treatment delivery process. Recognizing the challenge of ensuring proper maintenance and use of increasingly complicated systems, the American Assiciation of Physicists (AAPM) published a series of comprehensive quality assurance guidelines that can be applied to X‐ray and CT simulators, treatment planning systems, and linear accelerators. Comprehensive quality assurance must encompass both systematic and random uncertainity in treatment planning and delivery to minimize their occurrence. The many factors that contribute to target dilineation uncertanity including acquisition parameters, organ motion, imaging modality, image fusion, and intra‐observer variablity should all be examined closely for their contributions to treatment uncertainities. To minimize treatment inaccuracies, it is essential that each radiation oncology department establishes a “quality system” or quality assurance program to provide the organizational structure, responsibilities, procedures, processes, and resources for assuring the quality of patient management.