The Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale: An evaluation of its clinical utility

Abstract

The study findings provided support for the construct validity of the PAID, including evidence for discriminant validity from its ability to detect differences between IDDM and NIDDM treatment groups expected to differ in the emotional impact of life with diabetes. Future studies should explore the PAID's performance in nonspecialist treatment settings as well as its responsiveness to clinical change.

The relationship between diabetes-related distress and clinical variables and perceived support among adults with type 2 diabetes: A prospective study

“…The scale has proved to be a useful measure to assess diabetes-related distress, and its responsiveness has been tested, supporting its sensitivity to change over time (Welch et al, 2003). Empirical studies have demonstrated the PAID to display good psychometric properties and to correlate strongly with a wide range of theoretically related constructs such as for example general emotional distress, depression and diabetes self-care behavior (Polonsky et al, 1995;Snoek et al, 2000a;Welch et al, 1997). The scale was originally not conceptualized as a multi-domain scale (Polonsky et al, 1995).…”

“…According to de Groot et al (2010), such problems are more prevalent among people with type 2 diabetes than in those of the general population. Moreover, diabetes-related distress has mainly been studied in relation to diabetesmanagement and metabolic control and, to some extent, in relation to perceived social support (Lloyd et al, 2005;Polonsky et al, 1995;Snoek et al, 2000a;Welch et al, 1997).…”

“…Thus, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), diabetes treatment, diabetes-related complications, disease duration and body mass index (BMI) were selected as five important clinical variables to reflect regulation of type 2 diabetes, since they may deteriorate the management of the disease and thus have a negative influence on individuals' psychological well-being. First, glycaemic control has been found to be a modest but significant factor related to diabetes-related distress (Fisher et al, 2010;Polonsky et al, 1995;Welch et al, 1997). This relationship could be due to diabetes-related stress leading to poor self-regulation.…”

Validation of the Spanish version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-SP) Scale

“…The PAID-SP was developed from the Hispanic version [7] with minor changes in the wording of Page 4 of 11 A c c e p t e d M a n u s c r i p t some items. Although the exploratory factor analysis of the original version suggested one general 20-item factor [14] some of the following studies have proposed alternative factor structures based on two, three or four factors [6,8,10].…”

A randomised trial comparing low-fat diets differing in carbohydrate and protein ratio, combined with regular moderate intensity exercise, on glycaemic control, cardiometabolic risk factors, food cravings, cognitive function and psychological wellbeing in adults with type 2 diabetes: Study protocol

“…PAID is a reliable and validated questionnaire [45] which measures diabetes-specific emotional distress related to living with and managing diabetes including guilt, fear, anger, depressed mood and worry [46]. Participants answer 20 questions using a Likert scale with for greater diabetes related distress [47].…”