“…We decided to study Japan-based firms for two primary reasons. First, institutional and cultural differences between Japanese and Americans have been well documented (e.g., Dore, 1973; Yoshimura & Anderson, 1997; Lehmberg, 2017), thus enhancing broader generalizability of the findings. Second, Japan is endowed with a developed economy and regulatory system, which requires publicly traded firms to provide publicly available documentation generally comparable to that required by US-based firms.…”