THE PROCESS OF Leishmania INFECTION - DISEASE AND NEW PERSPECTIVES OF PALEOPARASITOLOGY

Novo, Shênia Patrícia Corrêa; Leles, Daniela; Bianucci, Raffaella; Araújo, Adauto

doi:10.1590/s1678-9946201658045

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The earliest identified fossil protozoa from the Leishmania genus comes from the gut of a sand fly preserved in amber dating to the early Cretaceous (Poinar, 2007). Current opinion suggests that Leishmania originated in the Palaeoarctic and spread to the Americas via the Bering Strait (see Novo, Leles, Bianucci, & Araujo, 2016 for a review). Even though the specific geographic origins of these diseases are debated, it appears that they evolved to infect mammals in various geographic regions much earlier than the origins of the hominin lineage (Hamilton & Stevens, 2017).…”

Section: Genetic Evidence For Origins Of Human Zoonotic Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution

Ledger

Mitchell

2019

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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Parasites are useful pathogens to explore human-animal interactions because they have diverse life cycles that often rely on both as hosts. Moreover, some species are not host specific and are transmitted between animals and humans. Today most emerging infections are zoonoses. Here, we take a specific look at the emergence and re-emergence of zoonotic parasites throughout hominin evolution and consider evolutionary, cultural, and ecological factors involved in this. We combine genetic studies focused on molecular phylogenetic reconstructions, most often using the ribosomal RNA gene unit and mitochondrial genes from modern parasites, archaeological evidence in the form of preserved parasite eggs and antigens in skeletal and mummified remains, and modern epidemiological data to explore parasite infections throughout hominin evolution. We point out the considerably ancient origins of some key zoonotic parasites and their long coevolutionary history with humans, and discuss factors contributing to the presence of many zoonotic parasites in the past and today including dietary preferences, urbanization, waste disposal, and the population density of both humans and domesticated animals.

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Section: Genetic Evidence For Origins Of Human Zoonotic Parasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution

Ledger

Mitchell

2019

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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“…[23,27]. However, the major breakthroughs in the leishmaniasis field were only achieved starting from the beginning of the twentieth century, with the identification of the causative agent(s), the incrimination of the vector(s), and consequently the understanding of parasite(s) life cycle and the distinct physiopathologic mechanisms that characterize each of the leishmaniasis forms [23,28]. The definitive allocation of leishmaniasis within the infectious (or communicable) diseases, in convergence with the "success of variolation" and the birth of vaccination [29], boosted the investigation of the anti-Leishmania immune response envisioning the development of an effective prophylactic approach.…”

Section: Leishmanization As the Proof Of Principle Of Vaccines Againsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccines for Human Leishmaniasis: Where Do We Stand and What Is Still Missing?

Cecílio¹,

Oliveira²,

Cordeiro-da-Silva³

2018

Leishmaniases as Re-Emerging Diseases

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Responsible for up to 30,000 deaths annually, leishmaniasis is a complex spectrum of diseases endemic in 97 countries around the globe. Disease control relies heavily on the early diagnosis and treatment of the active cases (relevant for anthroponotic disease), although it is widely accepted that a prophylactic vaccine for human leishmaniasis is the way to achieve the successful elimination of human disease (taking in consideration the vast list of non-human reservoirs that enable the perpetuation of parasites all around the globe). The notion that infection leads to strong and long-lasting immunity against leishmaniasis supports vaccination as an achievable goal. However, and in spite of the different candidates tested along the years, till date, we still do not have an approved vaccine for humans. In this chapter, we will explore the last advances made in the field of vaccines against Leishmania without forgetting the historical perspective, essential to the understanding of the road already undergone. We will then discuss the correlates of disease and protection, still neither consensual nor definitive, as well as the issue of pre-clinical to clinical translation. The complete understanding of these issues will be essential for the approval of a successful vaccine for human leishmaniasis.

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“…Leishmaniosis is considered a neglected tropical disease (1) that affects humans and domestic and sylvatic animals. Parasites of the genus Leishmania are obligatory intracellular protozoa and the etiological agent of this parasitic disease (2). The main host cell for Leishmania parasites is the macrophage, which the parasite is able to manipulate and prevent activation by various mechanisms and, thus, avoid their intracellular death and perpetuate the infection (3)(4)(5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Blood, Lymph Node, and Bone Marrow T Lymphocytes During Canine Leishmaniosis and the Impact of Antileishmanial Chemotherapy

et al. 2020

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Dogs are a major reservoir of Leishmania infantum , etiological agent of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) a zoonotic visceral disease of worldwide concern. Therapeutic protocols based on antileishmanial drugs are commonly used to treat sick dogs and improve their clinical condition. To better understand the impact of Leishmania infection and antileishmanial drugs on the dog's immune response, this study investigates the profile of CD4 + and CD8 + T cell subsets in peripheral blood, lymph node, and bone marrow of sick dogs and after two different CanL treatments. Two CanL groups of six dogs each were treated with either miltefosine or meglumine antimoniate combined with allopurinol. Another group of 10 clinically healthy dogs was used as control. Upon diagnosis and during the following 3 months of treatment, peripheral blood, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow mononuclear cells were collected, labeled for surface markers CD45, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25, and intracellular nuclear factor FoxP3, and T lymphocyte subpopulations were immunophenotyped by flow cytometry. CanL dogs presented an overall increased frequency of CD8 + and CD4 + CD8 + double-positive T cells in all tissues and a decreased frequency of CD4 + T cells in the blood. Furthermore, there was a higher frequency of CD8 + T cells expressing CD25 + FoxP3 + in the blood and bone marrow. During treatment, these subsets recovered to levels similar to those of healthy dogs. Nevertheless, antileishmanial therapy caused an increase of CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + T cells in all tissues, associated with the decrease of CD8 + CD25 − FoxP3 − T cell percentages. These findings may support previous studies that indicate that L. infantum manipulates the dog's immune system to avoid the development of a protective response, ensuring the parasite's survival and the conditions that allow the completion of Leishmania life cycle. Both treatments used appear to have an effect on the dog's immune response, proving to be effective in promoting the normalization of T cell subsets.

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THE PROCESS OF Leishmania INFECTION - DISEASE AND NEW PERSPECTIVES OF PALEOPARASITOLOGY

Cited by 8 publications

References 55 publications

Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution

Tracing zoonotic parasite infections throughout human evolution

Vaccines for Human Leishmaniasis: Where Do We Stand and What Is Still Missing?

Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Blood, Lymph Node, and Bone Marrow T Lymphocytes During Canine Leishmaniosis and the Impact of Antileishmanial Chemotherapy

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