The Production of High Speed Protons Without the Use of High Voltages

Lawrence, Ernest Orlando; Livingston, M. Stanley

doi:10.1103/physrev.38.834

Cited by 67 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 0 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Such a storage ring is the direct analogue of the weak-focusing cyclotron for charged particles demonstrated by Lawrence in 1933 13 . In a cyclotron, a magnetic field is used to bend charged particles in a circle while they are accelerated using electric fields.…”

Section: Force On a Polar Molecule In A Deflection Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

On deflection fields, weak-focusing and strong-focusing storage rings for polar molecules

Nijs

Bethlem

2011

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In this paper, we analyze electric deflection fields for polar molecules in terms of a multipole expansion and derive a simple but rather insightful expression for the force on the molecules. Ideally, a deflection field exerts a strong, constant force in one direction, while the force in the other directions is zero. We show how, by a proper choice of the expansion coefficients, this ideal can be best approximated. We present a design for a practical electrode geometry based on this analysis. By bending such a deflection field into a circle, a simple storage ring can be created; the direct analog of a weak-focusing cyclotron for charged particles. We show that for realistic parameters a weak-focusing ring is only stable for molecules with a very low velocity. A strong-focusing (alternating-gradient) storage ring can be created by arranging many straight deflection fields in a circle and by alternating the sign of the hexapole term between adjacent deflection fields. The acceptance of this ring is numerically calculated for realistic parameters. Such a storage might prove useful in experiments looking for an EDM of elementary particles.

show abstract

Section: Force On a Polar Molecule In A Deflection Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

On deflection fields, weak-focusing and strong-focusing storage rings for polar molecules

Nijs

Bethlem

2011

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…As its inventor Ernest Lawrence realisedand for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize -as low energy protons are accelerated their speed increases with their kinetic energy such that their revolution frequency remains constant [31,[47][48][49].An alternating voltage applied with constant frequency to the gap between the dees enables the protons to be accelerated when crossing the gap in either direction, the applied frequency f a being either the same as the revolution frequency f r or some harmonic of it h = f r / f a ; h is termed the harmonic number. Lawrence's key insight was the observation that the bend radius ρ in a given field strength B is proportional to the proton momentum p such that…”

Section: Cyclotronsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hadron accelerators for radiotherapy

Owen

Mackay

Peach

et al. 2014

Contemporary Physics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Over the last twenty years the treatment of cancer with protons and light nuclei such as carbon ions has moved from being the preserve of research laboratories into widespread clinical use. A number of choices now exist for the creation and delivery of these particles, key amongst these being the adoption of pencil beam scanning using a rotating gantry; attention is now being given to what technologies will enable cheaper and more effective treatment in the future. In this article the physics and engineering used in these hadron therapy facilities is presented, and the research areas likely to lead to substantive improvements. The wider use of superconducting magnets is an emerging trend, whilst further ahead novel high-gradient acceleration techniques may enable much smaller treatment systems. Imaging techniques to improve the accuracy of treatment plans must also be developed hand-in-hand with future sources of particles, a notable example of which is proton computed tomography.

show abstract

“…2). This fact has been recognized early on and has led to the development of the cyclotron accelerator (9) and also the ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (ICR MS) (10).…”

Section: Principles Of Energy-isochronous Time-of-flight Mass Analyzersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time‐of‐flight mass analyzers

Wöllnik

1993

Mass Spectrometry Reviews

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The Production of High Speed Protons Without the Use of High Voltages

Cited by 67 publications

References 0 publications

On deflection fields, weak-focusing and strong-focusing storage rings for polar molecules

On deflection fields, weak-focusing and strong-focusing storage rings for polar molecules

Hadron accelerators for radiotherapy

Time‐of‐flight mass analyzers

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About