The production of monovalent and anti-idiotype antivenom against Mesobuthus eupeus (Scorpionida: Buthidae) venom in rabbits

Determination of median effective dose (ED50) of scorpion antivenom against scorpion envenomation using a newly developed formula

“…Minimum lethal dose and minimum effective dose were used to evaluate the effect of Turkish antivenom on M. gibbosus envenomation, suggesting the predictive validity, precision, and reliability of the new formula in envenomotherapy. Scorpion stings result in adult morbidity and pediatric mortality and the most lethal species are Tityus serrulatus and Tityus bahiensis in Brazil, Centruroides suffusus , Centruroides lionpidus , and Centruroides sculpturatus in Mexico, L. quinquestriatus , A. crassicauda , A. mauretanicus , A. australis , A. amoreuni , and Buthus occitanus in the Middle East and North Africa, Parabuthus grauntatus and Parabuthus transvaalicus in South Africa, and Mesobuthus tamulus and Palamneus swammerdance in India.…”

Mimetic peptide and special antibody: promising agents for optimizing hapten-analyzing systems

“…Thus, Ab 2b can mimic the epitope of an actual antigen and provide a novel alternative reagent in smallmolecule immunoassays. Ab 2b has been extensively applied in many areas, such as clinical diagnosis, [38][39][40][41][42] immunotherapy, [43][44][45] and foodborne immunoassays. 46,47 The structure of AIds can be a polyclonal antibody, monoclonal antibody (mAb), or antibody fragment.…”

Cytotoxin antibody-based colourimetric sensor for field-level differential detection of elapid among big four snake venom

“…Studies have shown that wherever available, monovalent antivenoms have a better target specificity and venom clearance ability making them the preferred choice in potentially fatal cases over the prevalent polyvalent antivenoms [5]. Despite the available findings, the monovalent antivenom therapy is not in practice due to the failure in the detection of specific causative species of snakes in cases of envenomation [6][7][8]. Due to polyvalent nature of existing antivenom used in therapy; large volume of antisera is administered to neutralize the venom in the body fluid leading to sensitization of the immune system to trigger extravagant immune reactions leading to different forms of permanent deformities like, disability of the affected organ, localized or systemic immunological complications and multiple organ failure [9].…”