The production of slaves where there was no state: The Guinea‐Bissau region, 1450–1815

Hawthorne, Walter

doi:10.1080/01440399908575279

Cited by 30 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…108-109). Historians have named this vicious cycle the "gun-slave cycle" (e.g., Lovejoy 2000) or the "iron-slave cycle" (e.g., Hawthorne 2003). The result of this vicious cycle was not only that communities raided other communities for slaves, but also that members of a community raided and kidnapped others within the community.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To protect themselves and their communities from being raided, leaders often chose to pay slaves as tribute, which were often obtained through the judicial system. Hawthorne (1999Hawthorne ( , 2003 provides detailed studies of this process among the Cassanga of modern day Guinea Bissau. The chief of the Cassanga used the "red water ordeal" to procure slaves and their possessions.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Judicial penalties that formerly had taken the form of beatings, payment of compensation or exile, for example, were now converted to enslavement." Often, leaders themselves supported or even instigated this abuse of the judicial system (Mahadi 1992;Hawthorne 1999Hawthorne , 2003Klein 2001). To protect themselves and their communities from being raided, leaders often chose to pay slaves as tribute, which were often obtained through the judicial system.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades^*

Nunn

2008

Quarterly Journal of Economics

953

527

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Can part of Africa's current underdevelopment be explained by its slave trades? To explore this question, I use data from shipping records and historical documents reporting slave ethnicities to construct estimates of the number of slaves exported from each country during Africa's slave trades. I find a robust negative relationship between the number of slaves exported from a country and current economic performance. To better understand if the relationship is causal, I examine the historical evidence on selection into the slave trades, and use instrumental variables. Together the evidence suggests that the slave trades have had an adverse effect on economic development.

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Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Long-Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades^*

Nunn

2008

Quarterly Journal of Economics

953

527

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“…86-90). It even became common for the leaders of local communities to obtain slaves in this manner (Hawthorne, 1999, Klein, 2001). …”

Section: A Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Slave Trade and the Origins of Mistrust in Africa

Nunn¹,

Wantchékon²

2009

344

417

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We investigate the historical origins of mistrust within Africa. Combining contemporary household survey data with historic data on slave shipments, we show that individuals whose ancestors were heavily raided during the slave trade today exhibit less trust in neighbors, relatives, and their local government. We confirm that the relationship is causal by using the historic distance from the coast of a respondent's ancestors as an instrument for the intensity of the slave trade, while controlling for the individual's current distance from the coast. We undertake a number of falsification tests, all of which suggest that the necessary exclusion restriction is satisfied. Exploiting variation among individuals who live in locations different from their ancestors, we show that most of the impact of the slave trade works through factors that are internal to the individual, such as cultural norms, beliefs, and values.

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“…Judicial penalties that formerly had taken the form of beatings, payment of compensation or exile, for example, were now converted to enslavement." Often, leaders themselves supported or even instigated this abuse of the judicial system [Mahadi, 1992;Klein, 2001;Hawthorne, 1999Hawthorne, , 2003. To protect themselves and their community from being raided, leaders often chose to pay slaves as tribute, which were often obtained through the judicial system.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%