The Production of Sporidesmin and Sporidesmolides by Wild Isolates of Pithomyces chartarum in Surface and in Submerged Culture

Dingley, Joan M.; Done, J.; Taylor, A.; Russell, D. W.

doi:10.1099/00221287-29-1-127

Cited by 25 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The same isolate, grown in submerged liquid culture, formed abundant vegetative mycelium but no spores, and only traces of angolide were isolated from such cultures. Similar results have been recorded for sporidesmolide production by P. chartarum (Dingley et al 1962). This evidence, taken with the previous failure to obtain more than traces of depsipeptide from feebly sporing liquid surface cultures of P. sacchari 1~1102686 (Bishop et al 1965), established that the angolide from P. sacchari is associated with the spores.…”

Section: Morphological Location Of Angolide In Pithomyces Saccharisupporting

confidence: 73%

The Spore-Surface Depsipeptide of Pithomyces sacchari

Riches

Rothwell

Russell

1967

Journal of General Microbiology

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Section: Morphological Location Of Angolide In Pithomyces Saccharisupporting

confidence: 73%

The Spore-Surface Depsipeptide of Pithomyces sacchari

Riches

Rothwell

Russell

1967

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…Measurement of grass minimum temperatures gives some indication of heat input into the base of pasture, but the length of time for which humidity is 100% is affected not only by rainfall but also by day length (perhaps the reason for the low spore counts of the first danger periods in December and January), cloud cover, soil moisture and wind amongst other factors. it was considered that with sporidesmin being produced with P. chartarum spores in amounts proportional to their numbers (done et al 1961 ;dingley et al 1962;davison & Marbrook 1965), counts of spores in pasture herbage would give a more direct measure of sporidesmin content than measurement of the physical conditions governing their production (di Menna & Bailey 1973). depending on the weather, populations of aging spores may have lost toxicity because sporidesmin is leached from them by rain and destroyed by sunlight (Marbrook & Matthews 1962;Clare & Gumbley 1962;Clare & Mortimer 1964), but these would be present only at the end of danger periods.…”

Section: Spore Counts In Pasturementioning

confidence: 99%

A history of facial eczema (pithomycotoxicosis) research

Menna

Smith²,

Miles

2009

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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Facial eczema (pithomycotoxicosis), a photosensitisation of ruminants grazing pasture, has been known in New Zealand for over 100 years, but its cause, a toxin produced by a largely saprophytic fungus, Pithomyces chartarum, growing on litter at the base of pasture and sporing profusely under warm moist conditions in late summer and autumn, was found only 50 years ago. As the fungus spores it produces the toxin sporidesmin which, when eaten by sheep, cattle, goats or deer, causes liver injury with inflammation and blockage of bile ducts. Phylloerythrin, a photodynamic breakdown product of chlorophyll, is no longer excreted but circulates in the blood, causing lesions of unpigmented skin when the affected animal is exposed to sunlight. Lesions do not appear until at least a week after sporidesmin has been ingested, and this lag period delayed discovery of the causative agent, first thought to have been an abnormal metabolite of rapidly growing ryegrass. However, before the role of P. chartarum was discovered, the pathology of the disease had been described, toxic extracts had been made from herbage mown from pastures A08061; Online publication date 21 October 2009 Received 8 October 2008 accepted 4 September 2009 associated with facial eczema outbreaks, and the weather conditions preceding outbreaks had been defined. When the causative agent was identified, cultures of P. chartarum on artificial media produced sporidesmin for chemical characterisation and animal dosing trials. Control of facial eczema in the field was first by avoiding toxic pasture, detected by P. chartarum spore counts on herbage, later by reducing P. chartarum pasture populations by spray application of substituted thiabendazole fungicides, and later still by protecting animals with oral doses of zinc at close to toxic levels. Sheep vary widely in their sensitivity to sporidesmin, either under field conditions in facial eczema outbreaks or when dosed orally with sporidesmin, and breeding resistant animals by selection after sporidesmin challenge is the best long-term control method at present. Whilst facial eczema outbreaks have been most severe in New Zealand, the disease has been reported from an increasing number of countries with warm temperate climates in which ruminants are intensively grazed on pasture. The great majority of New Zealand isolates of P. chartarum produce sporidesmin, but varying proportions of those in other countries do not.

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“…There was no evidence that strains of similar toxicity occurred together in one place at one time. Dingley et al (1962) and Davison & Marbrook (1965) measured sporidesmin production by a number of strains of Pithomyces chartarum. Because there were differences in the media, incubation times and temperatures, and in the methods of sporidesmin assay used by each group, including the present authors, the absolute values for sporidesmin production are not comparable and the relative toxities of strains used by different workers cannot be determined.…”

Section: E D I Menna J C a M P B E L L A N D P H Mortimermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ross & Thornton (1962) and Ross (1962), using several strains, found that different isolates grown under similar conditions varied in the amount of sporidesmin they produced and that there was a general relationship between spore numbers and sporidesmin production. Dingley, Done, Taylor & Russell (1962) using six strains, some of which did not spore freely, found more than hundredfold differences in amounts of sporidesmin produced under standard conditions. Davison & Marbrook (1969, using ten strains which spored well in culture, found only sevenfold differences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Sporidesmin Production and Sporulation in Pithomyces chartarum

Menna

Campbell

Mortimer

1970

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARYSporidesmin production by 37 recently isolated strains and one heavily sporing laboratory isolate of Pithomyces chartarum was assayed by toxicity in vitro to tissue culture cells and related to sporulation and growth. Under standard cultural conditions strains varied greatly in their ability to produce sporidesmin and spores. Heavily sporing cultures produced most sporidesmin and the level of sporidesmin production by a strain could be changed by manipulation of cultures in ways which also stimulated or depressed sporulation. Ultraviolet radiation increased sporulation and sporidesmin production in 33 strains. Shaken cultures, in which growth was good but sporulation suppressed, produced no sporidesmin. The close association of sporidesmin production with sporulation supports the reliability of spore counts as an index of pasture toxicity. Most and probably all strains of P. chartarum are potentially able to produce moderate to high levels of sporidesmin. Ultraviolet radiation may stimulate production of sporidesmin by the growing fungus but destroys it in aqueous solutions leached from the senescent mycelium.

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The Production of Sporidesmin and Sporidesmolides by Wild Isolates of Pithomyces chartarum in Surface and in Submerged Culture

Cited by 25 publications

References 9 publications

The Spore-Surface Depsipeptide of Pithomyces sacchari

The Spore-Surface Depsipeptide of Pithomyces sacchari

A history of facial eczema (pithomycotoxicosis) research

Sporidesmin Production and Sporulation in Pithomyces chartarum

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