“…However, it is worth considering whether there may be other important factors affecting teachers' inclusion of writing in mathematics that have yet to be identified. Research on other mathematics pedagogy has typically identified several factors associated with more effective practice including: educational background (Croninger, Rice, Rathbun, & Nishio, 2007;Kosko & Miyazaki, 2012), professional development experiences (Desimone, Porter, Garet, Yoon, & Birman, 2002), years of teaching experience (Clotfelter, Ladd, & Vigdor, 2007;Kosko & Miyazaki, 2012), or reading professional journals (Kwakman, 2003;Littman & Stodolsky, 1998). Prior survey research on writing in mathematics has not examined the correlations of such factors with the frequency teachers report assigning writing in their mathematics lessons.…”