The Profile of Inflammatory Cytokines in Gingival Crevicular Fluid around Healthy Osseointegrated Implants

Abstract

Despite gingival tissue health and scarce plaque accumulation, the profile of inflammatory cytokines in implant crevicular fluid was distinctive of an innate immune response and in higher concentration than in teeth. Other than bacterial stimulus, intrinsic factors related to implants may account for more cytokine production than teeth.

Longitudinal Comparison of Cytokines in Peri‐Implant Fluid and Gingival Crevicular Fluid in Healthy Mouths

“…The authors found low but measureable levels of proinflammatory cytokines in PICF after implant placement, which is consistent with previous data on inflammatory responses after implant placement 14,23,41 . Notably, the data of very low levels of IL‐8 and IL‐1α in PICF and GCF at the 1‐year follow‐up are in agreement with the findings of a previous report 34 showing low concentrations of IL‐1β in PICF.…”

“…The maintenance of bone volume is regulated by balanced processes of apposition and resorption; these processes are controlled in part by the local production of cytokines, small polypeptides with a wide range of pro‐inflammatory, metabolic, and immunomodulatory properties 11,12 . For example, interleukin (IL)‐1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α are potent pro‐inflammatory cytokines 11 that are involved in the pathogenesis of many chronic inflammatory diseases (e.g., peri‐implantitis 13 ) and are present in peri‐implant crevicular fluid (PICF) 14‐17 . The titanium surfaces of dental implants can stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells to secrete IL‐1β, TNF‐α, 18 IL‐1, IL‐6, and IL‐18 19 in vitro, indicating that dental implants are not biochemically inert.…”

“…The titanium surfaces of dental implants can stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells to secrete IL‐1β, TNF‐α, 18 IL‐1, IL‐6, and IL‐18 19 in vitro, indicating that dental implants are not biochemically inert. Higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in PICF and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) have been reported in diseased compared with healthy sites 14,20‐24 and at implant sites with progressive bone loss 25,26 …”

Biomarkers and Bacteria Around Implants and Natural Teeth in the Same Individuals

“…Socransky et al 14 stated that mainly anaerobic Gram‐negative bacterial species such as Tannerella forsythia ( Tf ), Treponema denticola ( Td ), and Porphyromonas gingivalis ( Pg ) are associated with periodontal destruction. To date, levels of key biologic mediators in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and PICF samples have been comparatively investigated in few studies 15 , 16 . It was hypothesized that possible differences in cytokine content and/or bacterial species between healthy and diseased sites may reveal similar factors acting in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and peri‐implantitis.…”

Zirconia dental implants: A clinical and radiographic evaluation

“…Lower levels of inflammatory infiltrate and cytokine expression have been observed in tissue adjacent to ceramics when compared to titanium . In contrast, production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (especially IL‐1β and TNF‐α) around titanium implants was observed in higher concentrations than in teeth despite gingival tissue health and scarce plaque accumulation . Nonetheless, the clinical impact of these phenomena remains unknown.…”