The proliferation inhibitory proteins p27Kip1 and retinoblastoma are involved in the control of equine lymphocyte proliferation

Flaminio, M. Julia B.F.; Yen, Andrew; Antczak, Douglas F.

doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.07.001

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Reactions were terminated by being boiled for 5 min, and the cDNA was stored at Ϫ20°C until used. Reverse transcription efficiency was verified in the cDNA preparations by quantitative real-time PCR for 18S rRNA (23).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Resists the Antiretroviral Activity of Equine APOBEC3 Proteins through a Packaging-Independent Mechanism

Bogerd

Tallmadge

Oaks

et al. 2008

J Virol

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Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), uniquely among lentiviruses, does not encode a vif gene product.Other lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), use Vif to neutralize members of the APOBEC3 (A3) family of intrinsic immunity factors that would otherwise inhibit viral infectivity. This suggests either that equine cells infected by EIAV in vivo do not express active A3 proteins or that EIAV has developed a novel mechanism to avoid inhibition by equine A3 (eA3). Here, we demonstrate that horses encode six distinct A3 proteins, four of which contain a single copy of the cytidine deaminase (CDA) consensus active site and two of which contain two CDA motifs. This represents a level of complexity previously seen only in primates. Phylogenetic analysis of equine single-CDA A3 proteins revealed two proteins related to human A3A (hA3A), one related to hA3C, and one related to hA3H. Both equine double-CDA proteins are similar to hA3F and were named eA3F1 and eA3F2. Analysis of eA3F1 and eA3F2 expression in vivo shows that the mRNAs encoding these proteins are widely expressed, including in cells that are natural EIAV targets. Both eA3F1 and eA3F2 inhibit retrotransposon mobility, while eA3F1 is a potent inhibitor of a Vif-deficient HIV-1 mutant and induces extensive editing of HIV-1 reverse transcripts. However, both eA3F1 and eA3F2 are weak inhibitors of EIAV. Surprisingly, eA3F1 and eA3F2 were packaged into EIAV and HIV-1 virions as effectively as hA3G, although only the latter inhibited EIAV infectivity. Moreover, all three proteins bound both the HIV-1 and EIAV nucleocapsid protein specifically in vitro. It therefore appears that EIAV has evolved a novel mechanism to specifically neutralize the biological activities of the cognate eA3F1 and eA3F2 proteins at a step subsequent to virion incorporation.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Resists the Antiretroviral Activity of Equine APOBEC3 Proteins through a Packaging-Independent Mechanism

Bogerd

Tallmadge

Oaks

et al. 2008

J Virol

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“…Lymphocyte proliferation assays were performed with isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes from the patient and an age-matched healthy control foal. 2 The response of the patient lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavalin A was comparable, or superior, to control cells. Response to lipopolysaccharide was slightly superior to nonstimulated cells but inferior to stimulated control foal cells.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Fell Pony Syndrome in a Pony in North America

Gardner

Hart

Stokol

et al. 2006

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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A 5‐week‐old Fell Pony colt was examined for fever, lethargy, and anemia. The colt had been lethargic for 1 week before examination, had continued to nurse, had a temperature of 104°F (40°C), and was treated with ceftiofur (5 mg/kg IM q12h). Approximately 36 hours before examination, the colt developed watery diarrhea. Blood work performed by the referring veterinarian on the day of admission revealed a PCV of 10%.

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“…Samples of lung and bone marrow were collected by the referring veterinarian and sent to the Department of Pathology, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, for evaluation. In addition, prior to euthanasia, blood samples were collected for peripheral blood lymphocyte immunophenotyping, performed with flow cytometric analysis using monoclonal antibodies for equine leucocyte surface markers as described previously (Flaminio et al 2002;Flaminio and Antczak 2004). This revealed a normal peripheral lymphocyte subpopulation distribution, with a mildly increased CD4/CD8 ratio (3.8, rr 2.5-3.5) despite corticosteroid therapy.…”

Section: Necropsy Examination and Histopathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, pancytopenia and equine herpesvirus‐5 infection in a Thoroughbred gelding

Hart

Barton

Williams

et al. 2008

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary A 21‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding was examined for intermittent fever, lethargy, inappetance and weight loss. Initial diagnostic evaluation revealed pancytopenia (anaemia, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia), hyperfibrinogenaemia and multifocal pulmonary nodules. Bacterial and fungal culture and viral isolation on transtracheal aspirate samples were negative, consistent with either pulmonary neoplasia, idiopathic granulomatous pneumonia or equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis (EMPF). Bone marrow evaluation was consistent with pancytopenia due to a combination of peripheral consumption/destruction and suppression/destruction of progenitor cells at the level of the marrow. Pancytopenia resolved and clinical signs improved transiently with immunosuppressive corticosteroid therapy, but the horse deteriorated rapidly one month after presentation and was subjected to euthanasia. Necropsy findings were consistent with EMPF, and equine herpesvirus‐5 (EHV‐5) DNA was found in both the lung and bone marrow. The specific role of EHV‐5 in the development of the pulmonary pathology in EMPF and the pancytopenia in this horse is unclear, but an aberrant host immune/inflammatory response to EHV‐5 infection may be important.

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The proliferation inhibitory proteins p27Kip1 and retinoblastoma are involved in the control of equine lymphocyte proliferation

Cited by 11 publications

References 40 publications

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Resists the Antiretroviral Activity of Equine APOBEC3 Proteins through a Packaging-Independent Mechanism

Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Resists the Antiretroviral Activity of Equine APOBEC3 Proteins through a Packaging-Independent Mechanism

Fell Pony Syndrome in a Pony in North America

Multinodular pulmonary fibrosis, pancytopenia and equine herpesvirus‐5 infection in a Thoroughbred gelding

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