The Promise of an Accumulation of Care: Disadvantaged African-American Youths’ Perspectives About What Makes an After School Program Meaningful

Bulanda, Jeffrey J.; McCrea, Katherine Tyson

doi:10.1007/s10560-012-0281-1

Cited by 37 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Additionally, findings show youths' engagement in the program was associated with their self-reported gains in program outcomes. Findings are consistent with previous research that suggests on the positive impact of youth relationships with program staff members on youths' program outcomes (e.g., Bulanda & Mccrea, 2013). Youth who viewed the Health Rocks!…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…One especially important aspect of programming is the positive relationship between youth and adults in the program (Bulanda & Mccrea, 2013;Jones & Deutsch, 2011). Research shows that adult leaders who focus, initially, on building relationships with participating youth are more likely to promote positive development and behaviors.…”

Section: Evidence-based Youth Programming and Youth Engagementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the Health Rocks! Program: The Association of Youth Engagement with Program Outcomes

Xia

Taylor

Guzman

2017

JYD

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This evaluation research examined the relationship between program process and program outcome, specifically, youth engagement in the national 4-H Council Health Rocks! program and their program outcomes. Based on program evaluation surveys completed after the program by participants, youths' engagement in the program was associated with their gains in knowledge and skills about substance use, and personal assets related to avoiding risks. When youth participants find a program interesting, are actively engaged in the program, and find the program staff friendly, they benefit more from the program. Findings underscore the importance of engaging curriculum and friendly staff to the success of extension or afterschool youth programs. The evaluation method may offer an example of balancing rigor of evaluation design and feasibility of implementing an evaluation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Evidence-based Youth Programming and Youth Engagementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Health Rocks! Program: The Association of Youth Engagement with Program Outcomes

Xia

Taylor

Guzman

2017

JYD

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“…77,86,88,89,112 The remaining studies failed to provide a description of the analytical approach undertaken. 84,85,87,94,99 Detailed descriptions of methods of analysis were generally missing.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, most studies (n = 7) failed to provide sufficient detail about their recruitment strategies. [85][86][87][88][89]94,99 …”

Section: Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…77,88,89,112 These studies described how they approached data collection, with aims including putting participants 'at ease', providing them with opportunities to ask questions 77 or employing youth as interviewers. 88 In some cases, studies attempted to increase the range of data collected by using more than one method of collection, for example, by conducting in-depth interviews as well as drawing on field notes. The remaining six studies did not report these methods clearly.…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes

et al. 2016

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BackgroundPositive Youth Development (PYD) delivered outside school aims to enable young people to develop positive assets such as relationships and confidence, rather than to merely address risk. Existing reviews of PYD effects on substance use or violence are old and unsystematic.ObjectivesTo systematically review evidence to answer the following questions: what theories of change inform PYD interventions addressing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts are identified as barriers to and facilitators of implementation and receipt in process evaluations of PYD? What is the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PYD in reducing substance use and violence? What characteristics of participants and contexts appear to moderate, or are necessary and sufficient for, PYD effectiveness?Data sourcesA total of 21 bibliographic databases; 35 websites and contacting authors.Review methodsWe included reports published in English since 1985 and reporting on theories of change, as well as process, outcome and economic evaluations of PYD targeting 11- to 18-year-olds and addressing substance use or violence. References were screened on title/abstract and, where appropriate, on full report. Data extraction and quality assessment used Critical Appraisal Skills Programme, Evidence for Policy and Practice Information and Co-ordinating Centre and Cochrane tools. Theories of change and process evaluations were qualitatively metasynthesised. Outcome evaluations were synthesised narratively and meta-analytically.Results32,394 unique references were identified and 48 were included. A total of 16 reports described theories, 13 (10 studies) evaluated processes and 25 (10 studies) evaluated outcomes.Theories of changePYD interventions aim to offer opportunities for young people to develop positive ‘assets’ such as skills and confidence. These are theorised to promote and be promoted by young people’s ‘intentional self-regulation’, which involves reflecting on behaviour; determining goals; using existing resources to pursue these; and redirecting effort when thwarted. This enables ‘developmental regulation’, namely individuals capitalising on other opportunities to promote personal development. Positive assets thus accrued reduce health risks by reducing the impact on individuals of environmental risk or by ameliorating the impact of such risks. The literature offers limited insights beyond these general ideas.Process evaluationsCommunity engagement ensured that programmes were accessible and appealing. Staff capacity and continuity were crucial factors but often challenging when programmes could not offer full-time jobs. Tensions arose between a desire to empower participants to choose activities and a requirement for them to undertake a breadth of activities.Outcome evaluationsMeta-analyses of all combined outcomes and of short-term alcohol use, illicit drug use and smoking found no significant effects. There were small, statistically significant, short-term effects for an omnibus measure of substance use and for violence. We could not undertake metaregression to assess sociodemographic moderators but narrative synthesis suggested no clear pattern of effects by sex. We found no economic evaluations.LimitationsInsufficient studies precluded qualitative comparative analyses.ConclusionsHow PYD might promote health is currently undertheorised. Implementation can be challenging. We found little evidence that current PYD interventions delivered outside school reduce substance use or violence. However, these may not constitute a test of the effectiveness of the PYD model, as some included interventions that, although meeting our inclusion criteria, were not exemplars of PYD.Future workFurther evaluations should assess interventions employing PYD theory of change.Study registrationThis study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42013005439.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.

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Altruism as a buffer for antisocial behavior for African American adolescents exposed to community violence

Rious

Cunningham

2017

Journal Community Psychology

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Altruistic prosocial behavior during adolescence is consistently associated with a myriad of positive outcomes including fewer risk‐taking behaviors and greater positive affect. Although limited, some literature suggests altruism may be an important protective factor in attenuating the effects of stressful life events such as exposure to community violence. Unfortunately, work examining altruism in African American adolescents is quite limited. The study examined the moderating role of altruism on relationships between exposure to violence and antisocial behavior in a sample of African American adolescents (136 females, 71 males). Participant's age ranged from 13 to 18. Results indicated that boys and girls engaged in similar levels of altruistic behaviors, but these behaviors were especially important in moderating the effects of community violence on antisocial behaviors for boys. The findings suggest that encouraging altruistic behaviors in boys may be critical in improving outcomes for adolescent males developing in violent ecologies.

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The Promise of an Accumulation of Care: Disadvantaged African-American Youths’ Perspectives About What Makes an After School Program Meaningful

Cited by 37 publications

References 33 publications

Evaluation of the Health Rocks! Program: The Association of Youth Engagement with Program Outcomes

Evaluation of the Health Rocks! Program: The Association of Youth Engagement with Program Outcomes

The effects of Positive Youth Development interventions on substance use, violence and inequalities: systematic review of theories of change, processes and outcomes

Altruism as a buffer for antisocial behavior for African American adolescents exposed to community violence

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