“…In recent years, however, a growing number of studies have shown that alignment – also often referred to as synchrony – can be socially meaningful in a variety of modalities, including movement, language, neurophysiology, and pupil dilation ( Pan et al, 2022 ; Nguyen et al, 2021 ); Wohltjen and Wheatley, 2021 ; Pickering and Garrod, 2021 ; Dikker et al, 2021b ). Here, we focus on neural synchrony, or inter-brain coupling, which has been associated with a range of communicative outcomes, including language comprehension, socio-emotional connectedness, learning, and even pain perception ( Goldstein et al, 2018 , Dumas et al, 2010 , Wass et al, 2020 , Davidesco et al, 2023 ; for reviews see e.g., Czeszumski et al, 2022 , Czeszumski et al, 2020 ; Koike et al, 2015 ; Tsoi et al, 2022 ; Babiloni and Astolfi, 2014 ; Toppi et al, 2016 ; Liu et al, 2018 ; Nguyen et al, 2020 ; Reindl et al, 2018 ; Marriott Haresign et al, 2022 ).…”