The properties of ammonium dinitramide (ADN): Part 1, basic properties and spectroscopic data

Östmark, Henric; Bemm, U.; Langlét, Abraham; Sanden, Richard van de; Wingborg, Niklas

doi:10.1080/07370650008216116

Cited by 90 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Previous experiments have shown that the moisture absorption of ADN is higher than that of AP [4]. The hygroscopicity of ADN can be decreased by coating it with hydrophobic polymers [3,5,6] such as hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), polystyrene (PS), and polyacrylate (PA). Otherwise, specifications given on the particle size, particle layout geometry, and surface area under the experimental conditions have seldom been described in the literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

2018

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Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) in its generic form has a long needle shaped structure, which hinders higher solid loading. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to optimize its crystal morphology into octagonal shapes. Moreover, the low critical humidity level of ADN renders it unusable in a humid climate. Hence, encapsulation with a hydrophobic polymer is necessary. In the present work, ADN was synthesized by nitration of potassium sulfamate with mixed acid nitration. The product was then mixed with toluene, graphene, citryl ammonium butyl, Cab-o-sil, and coating polymer (Polystyrene or HTPB) and treated with ultrasound to obtain semi-spherical ADN-coated particles. The method offers a reduction in operating temperature and elimination of ADN melting in the shape-altering process. In addition, the ADN product has a similar particle size and thermal stability compared to those in a conventional ADN melt-prilling method. The ADN product investigated under SEM confirms the particle morphological change from long needles into semi-spherical shapes. The particle size obtained, in the micrometer range, is ideal for higher theoretical maximum density. Furthermore, the ultrasound-treated ADN particles show significant reduction in moisture absorption, from 68% to 16% at 65% relative humidity. The DSC result shows no degradation of thermal stability of the coated particles.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, solid grain casting of raw ADN is hindered by its needle shape [3] and by its high moisture absorption tendency and lower critical humidity level (55.2% RH). Previous experiments have shown that the moisture absorption of ADN is higher than that of AP [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prilling and Coating of Ammonium Dinitramide (ADN) Solid Green Propellant in Toluene Mixture Using Ultrasound Sonication

2018

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“…The density of ADN in the solid state is 1.81 g/cm 3 [155]. Its molar volume and corresponding density in the liquid state at 25.0 1C is 74.08 g/mol and 1.675 g/cm 3 respectively [135].…”

Section: Properties Of Ammonium Dinitramidementioning

confidence: 99%

Green space propulsion: Opportunities and prospects

Gohardani¹,

Stanojev

Demairé

et al. 2014

Progress in Aerospace Sciences

178

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“…For many years, the work was focused on preparing suitable crystals or particles [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Since 2006, spherical particles of good quality have been produced by the Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Sweden [22], and these were commercialised during 2011 by EURENCO Bofors, Sweden.…”

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confidence: 99%