The properties of red meranti wood (Shorea leprosula Miq) from stand with thinning and shade free gap treatments

Wistara, Nyoman J; Sukowati, Munawar; Pamoengkas, Prijanto

doi:10.1007/s13196-016-0161-y

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The warm, humid, and rainy environments result in wood's high equilibrium moisture content. This study measured that the specimen's average air-dry moisture contents ranged from 15.92% to 17.13%, in line with some research reports on wood [17,[56][57][58][59] or bamboo [60][61][62][63][64][65] located in Bogor (ID), but wetter than the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) in the subtropical region such as Coventry (UK) [66,67]. The air-dry timber is wetter than mortar [68].…”

Section: The Physical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 82%

Comparing the Building Code Sawn Lumber’s Wet Service Factors (CM) with Four Commercial Wood Species Laboratory Tests

Bahtiar

Denih

Priadi

et al. 2022

Forests

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Indonesian Wooden Building Code (SNI 7973-2013) has adopted the National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction since 2013. A periodic harmonization of the building-code-designated values (i.e., reference design values and adjustment factors) with the experimental data of commercial wood species is necessary. This study aimed to compare the building code’s wet service factors (CM) with the laboratory test of some commercial wood species. Since wood is weaker when its moisture content is high, the wet service factor (CM) must adjust the sawn lumber reference design values if the building serves in wet or aquatic environments. Four commercial wood species, namely pine (Pinus merkusii), agathis (Agathis dammara), red meranti (Shorea leprosula), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni), were subjected to mechanical property tests. To calculate the empirical CM values, the mechanical properties tests were conducted on air-dry and wet wood. Instead of testing the full-sized timber, which contains the growth characteristics and defects, this study chose clear-wood specimens to resemble the boundary condition of the ceteris paribus (other things being equal). The wet (water-saturated) specimens were immersed in water for 65 days, and the test was carried out when the specimen was still immersed. The test arrangement imitated the submerged wood as the worst-case scenario of the wet environment where the construction serves, rather than green or partially immersed timber. As many as 40 specimens were tested to compare each mechanical property’s wet service factor; thus, this study reported 200 specimens’ laboratory test results. The empirical CM values to adjust the modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture, shear strength parallel-to-grain, tensile strength parallel-to-grain, and maximum crushing strength (CM = 0.59, 0.76, 0.65, 0.73, and 0.67, respectively) were significantly lower than SNI 7973-2013 designated values (CM = 0.9, 0.85, 0.97, 1, and 0.8, respectively). The empirical CM for the compression stress perpendicular-to-grain at the proportional limit and that at the 0.04″ deformation (CM = 0.66) were slightly lower than the designated values (CM = 0.67), although they were not significantly different. This study resulted in lower empirical CM values than the designated ones, which found that the building code lacked conservativeness. The lacked conservativeness is mainly attributed to the building code’s recent choices, e.g., (1) the wet service environment basis is the green timber rather than the fully water-saturated one, and (2) the ratio of near minimum (5% lower) distribution value is chosen as the CM value rather than the average of wet timber’s mechanical property divided by the air-dry one. This study proposes changing both recent choices to alternative ones to develop more safe and reliable designated CM values.

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Section: The Physical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 82%

Comparing the Building Code Sawn Lumber’s Wet Service Factors (CM) with Four Commercial Wood Species Laboratory Tests

Bahtiar

Denih

Priadi

et al. 2022

Forests

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“…exhibits better growth with thinning silvicultural treatment, which could provide better-growing space by eliminating nearby competitor trees (Krisnawati and Wahjono 2010). Wistara et al (2016) explained further that thinning can increase tree spacing and reduce competition for light, nutrition, and mineral, which can stimulate the growth of red meranti trees.…”

Section: The Distribution Of Diameter Size Of Shorea Leprosula Standsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This species belongs to the family of Dipterocarpaceae and is classified as red meranti group, a group of dipterocarps that constitutes tree species that grow fast with high increment in height, that it has great potential to be developed for plantation forestry (Soekotjo 2009). In addition, S. leprosula is one of commercial timber species that has economic value with high selling price because its wood is favored by wood processing industry (Wistara et al 2016). When developing plantation forestry using native tree species such as S. leprosula, the success of planting is one of key aspects to achieve sustainable forest management.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The growth of Shorea leprosula at various planting distances and slopes in Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor, Indonesia

2020

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Abstract. Pamoengkas P, Rachmat HH, Khalifa N. 2020. The growth of Shorea leprosula at various planting distances and slopes in Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 4396-4404. Shorea leprosula Miq. is one of the species of Dipterocarpaceae family which has great potential to be developed as plantation forestry. This research aimed to investigate the effect of planting distance and slope on the growth of S. leprosula in Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor, Indonesia. Growth variables in terms of height and diameter, and environmental factors were observed in S. leprosula stands at various planting distances and slopes. Analysis results showed that plot with planting distance of 4x6 m produced the best growth of S. leprosula than other planting distances, with the largest increment of diameter and height of 1.49 cm/year and 0.82 m/year, respectively. Slope class did not affect the diameter growth, but it affected the height growth. Slope class flat (0-8%) exhibited height growth of S. leprosula of 0.81 cm/year, which was better compared to other slope classes. Interaction between planting distance of 4x6 m and slope class of rather steep (15-25%) produced the best growth of S. leprosula compared to other interactions with diameter and height increment of 1.64 cm/year and 0.83 m/year, respectively.

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“…It is considered a fast-growing meranti with a diameter increase of more than 2 cm/year when treated with intensive forestry practice (Soekotjo 2009;Widiyatno et al 2013). S. leprosula has class II-IV and III-IV strength and durability index, making it suitable for a wide range of uses, such as boat making, furniture and building construction (Ashton 1982;Wahyudi and Sitanggang 2016;Wistara et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short communication: Variations in leaf morphological characters of Shorea leprosula in progeny trial stand of a logging concession in Kalimantan, Indonesia

Meinata

Adriyanti

2021

Biodiversitas

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Indonesia has the highest distribution of Dipterocarpaceae members, and Shorea leprosula is one of the species that has a natural hybrid in its habitat. Furthermore, the members have intermediate morphological character with the neighboring species, Shorea curtisii. This study aimed to investigate the morphological variations of Shorea leprosula Miq. Progeny trial in PT Sari Bumi Kusuma. The morphological level of 72 Shorea leprosula in PT Sari Bumi Kusuma was identified through sampling. Furthermore, macroscopic and microscopic observations were conducted, and the measurement data were analyzed using cluster and principal component analyses to explain the morphological variable contribution. The results showed leaf architecture variations in laminar shape, apex shape, base shape, and midrib thickness category. The cluster analyses classified the samples into four cluster groups and they consist of a notophyll leaf size category with a rounded base. Meanwhile, the second group consists of an ellipse laminar shape with medium midrib thickness, and the third has an oblong laminar with an obtuse apex shape. The fourth group has a notophyll leaf size category with an obtuse base. The principal component analysis showed that the base shape has the highest contribution to diversity in the samples.

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The properties of red meranti wood (Shorea leprosula Miq) from stand with thinning and shade free gap treatments

Cited by 8 publications

References 27 publications

Comparing the Building Code Sawn Lumber’s Wet Service Factors (CM) with Four Commercial Wood Species Laboratory Tests

Comparing the Building Code Sawn Lumber’s Wet Service Factors (CM) with Four Commercial Wood Species Laboratory Tests

The growth of Shorea leprosula at various planting distances and slopes in Gunung Dahu Research Forest, Bogor, Indonesia

Short communication: Variations in leaf morphological characters of Shorea leprosula in progeny trial stand of a logging concession in Kalimantan, Indonesia

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