The pros and cons of using calcium lignosulfonate as a recycled anti-aging additive on engineering properties of bituminous mastics

An overview on the recycling of waste poly(vinyl chloride)

“…In addition, CLS has also been reported to be an anti-aging agent of asphalt, significantly inhibiting the oxidation reaction of asphalt and improving the stiffness of asphalt parts. 20 The above results show that the solution of sink/float techniques, whether it is ET, CaCl 2 solution or CLS, can be further utilized, which makes the separation process more positive in terms of environmental performance.…”

“…146 When the temperature was increased above 700 °C, reactions ( 17)-( 19) could occur. Reaction (20) can only occur at a temperature over 800 °C. Owing to the consumption of carbon and the generation of gases, these reactions were expected to have a significant influence on the yield and porosity of carbon.…”

Optimization of CLS Content of Asphalt Mixtures Based on Balanced Mix Design Approach

“…However, the specimen with 20% CLS earned a 14% lower FN than the one with 15% CLS. In this regard, multiple studies [11,15,16,34] have reported that adding up to 15% CLS to bitumen increases its hardness and consequently the hardness of the mixture. But adding higher amounts of CLS (>15%) has the opposite efect on FN.…”

“…A study by McCready and Williams confrmed that CLS increases rutting resistance at high temperatures, but reported slightly decreased performance at low temperatures [18]. In the studies conducted by Fatemi et al on the modifcation of bitumen with 5, 10, 15, and 20% CLS, all of these concentrations of CLS exhibited antiaging properties, and the 15% concentration ofered the greatest rutting resistance [15,19,20]. In a series of studies by Zarei et al on various properties of CLS, including cracking resistance and moisture susceptibility under diferent numbers of freezethaw cycles in the presence of reinforcement materials such as fbers, the results showed that CLS can improve fracture toughness under multiple loading modes at various temperatures.…”

“…Calcium lignosulfonate (CLS) is a brownish powdery amorphous polymer composed of phenylpropane units, which is created as a byproduct in the sulfte pulping process for producing paper from softwood. CLS is generally disposed of as waste, but its improper disposal can cause environmental issues [15].…”