The Protective Function of Raphides

Smith, Eugene A.

doi:10.1126/science.18.451.244-a

Cited by 6 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The results of this work indicate, but do not prove, that the original samples could have been collected at Erin and that currently collectable material contains identifiable coal fragments and poorly preserved stem and/or leaf fragments possibly attributable to Cyperites. Additionally, what may be poorly preserved allochthonous stem casts similar to material figured by Prouty(1923) and described by Smith (1903), Prouty (1922), and Butts (in Adams and others, 1926) as stems of Lepidodendrids, Calamites and Artisia can be collected from the railroad cut three-fourths of a mile southwest of Erin (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The Erin problem is the result of the submission to the Alabama Geological Survey by Joshua Franklin of unusually well preserved, unquestionable Carboniferous lycopod fossils reported collected near the village of Erin (Smith, 1903). Subsequent workers for at least three decades were unable to collect additional fossil material equal to that of the original two samples but continued to regard all or part of the Erin sedimentary package as Carboniferous (Prouty, 1922(Prouty, , 1923Buttes,/« Adams and others, 1926;Brown, 1925;Jones, 1932;Park, 1935).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Originally, the Erin Shale was considered as stratigraphically enclosed within the Talladega slate belt and was des-70 Gastaldo and Cook cribed by Smith (1903) as a lenticular mass equivalent to the Ocoee supergroup. Butts (in Adams and others, 1926) formally named the phyllitic rock sequence the Erin Shale and considered it an integral part of the upper Talladega Slate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A reinvestigation of the paleobotanical evidence for the age of the Erin Shale

Gastaldo

Cook

1982

Tectonic Studies in the Talladega and Carolina Slate Belts, Southern Appalachian Orogen

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The age of the Erin Shale, Clay County, Alabama, has been variously interpreted based primarily upon the acceptance or rejection of the original Carboniferous age assignment. The failure to confirm the in-place occurrence of the reported Pennsylvanian megafossils, coupled with both regional and detailed mapping, has led to the recent placement of the Erin Shale in a stratigraphically equivalent position with the Lay Dam Formation of inferred Early Devonian age. An investigation of the previously illustrated Carboniferous fossils reportedly collected from the Erin Shale and suites of rock specimens collected during the present study has added new pieces to the Erin puzzle but has not resolved the age asignment problem. Petrographic and x-ray diffraction powder analyses of the adhering matrix on Lepidostrobus hobbsii D. White and phyllites collected from the Erin outcrop belt indicate that these rocks are similar if not indistinguishable. Identifiable coal fragments exist in the Erin as do poorly preserved, unassignable fossil plant fragments. Much additional work is needed to fully define the fossiliferous nature of the Erin.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A reinvestigation of the paleobotanical evidence for the age of the Erin Shale

Gastaldo

Cook

1982

Tectonic Studies in the Talladega and Carolina Slate Belts, Southern Appalachian Orogen

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“…Therefore, the Cheaha Quartzite lies stratigraphically below the Jemison Chert interval and is inferred to be Lower to Middle Devonian or older. Although Smith (1903) interpreted the black slates of the Erin as Pennsylvanian in age, mapping by the author has indicated interbedded relationships between the Erin and the Jemison Chert, which suggest a Lower to Middle Devonian or older age for the Erin Slate. The Butting Ram Sandstone to the southwest in Chilton County is also reported to contain Devonian invertebrate fossils (Carrington, 1973), and where present in the study area the Butting Ram Sandstone occurs between the Jemison interval and the Erin Slate.…”

Section: Stratigraphic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Smith (1903) suggested that the Cheaha was Pennsylvanian in age because it was interbedded with the overlying Erin Slate. At that time he mapped the Erin Slate as a Pennsylvanian sequence, based upon its reported content of plant fossils.…”

Section: Stratigraphic Relationshipsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Stratigraphy and structure of the central Talladega slate belt, Alabama Appalachians

Cook¹

1982

Tectonic Studies in the Talladega and Carolina Slate Belts, Southern Appalachian Orogen

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The Talladega slate belt in eastern Alabama represents a crystalline thrust sheet composed of low-grade metasediments. Three major lithologic sequences comprise the Talladega slate belt: (1) the Kahatchee Mountain Group, (2) the Sylacauga Marble Group, and (3) the Talladega Group. The contact relationships between the Sylacauga Marble Group and the Talladega Group indicate that the phyllites and slates of the Talladega Group rest unconformably on marbles of the Sylacauga Marble Group. Previous workers have identified specific stratigraphic sequences within the Talladega Group both in the north-central portion of the Talladega slate belt and in the southern portion of the belt. Little work has been carried out in the south-central portion of the Talladega slate belt, a region intermediate between areas to the northeast and southwest where the regional stratigraphy has been defined. To the northwest in Cleburne and Clay Counties, Alabama, the Talladega Group has been broken down into the Heflin Phyllite, the Able Gap Formation, and the Chulafinnee Schist. To the southwest in Chilton County, Alabama, similar units have been mapped as the Lay Dam Formation, the Butting Ram Sandstone, and the Jemison Chert. These units have not been mapped through this intermediate south-central region of the Talladega slate belt because of the absence by faulting of a major sandstone unit, the Cheaha Quartzite, which has been used for regional correlation. Another prominent unit, the Jemison Chert, which outcrops to the southeast of the Cheaha Quartzite, continues across this region and was used to correlate the regional stratigraphy from the northeast with that in the southwest. Detailed mapping has shown that a small slice of paper-thin quartzites of the Jemison Chert interval has overridden the Cheaha Quartzite. The geometric relationships between these two units, the differing petrologic character of these ridge-forming lithologies, the duplication of the Jemison Chert interval, and the emplacement of this imbricate slice of Jemison, in addition to structural fabric data, suggest that this termination of the Cheaha Quartzite is fault related.

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Temporal and Spatial Synchrony of Culex territans (Diptera: Culicidae) with Their Amphibian Hosts

Bartlett-Healy¹,

Crans

Gaugler

2008

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Culex territans Walker (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae share nonpolluted freshwater habitats with amphibians, which are bloodmeal hosts of their adults. To examine synchrony of Cx. territans with amphibian species, 10 larval habitat sites were sampled weekly from March to November of 2004. Cx. territans larvae were temporally and spatially associated with the green frog, Rana clamitans Latrielle. We predicted that if the preferred hosts were abundant at low temperatures, Cx. territans might be able to digest bloodmeals at those same temperatures. Using the thermal heat summation model, 192.3 d above 3.9 degrees C were needed to complete the gonotrophic cycle. This is the lowest thermal minimum reported for a Nearctic species of mosquito. Using this model, we calculated that the first larvae of Cx. territans field collected on 6 May 2004 were the progeny of females that bloodfed during the last week of March or first week of April. We conclude that Cx. territans has physiological mechanisms that allow them to take advantage of early season bloodmeal sources.

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The Protective Function of Raphides

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

A reinvestigation of the paleobotanical evidence for the age of the Erin Shale

A reinvestigation of the paleobotanical evidence for the age of the Erin Shale

Stratigraphy and structure of the central Talladega slate belt, Alabama Appalachians

Temporal and Spatial Synchrony of Culex territans (Diptera: Culicidae) with Their Amphibian Hosts

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