The protective nature of gold during times of oil price volatility: An analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic

Assessing energy consumption and economic growth interrelations in Asia-Pacific: A multivariate approach with panel FMOLS and bootstrap Granger causality tests

“…This research reaches a result that is at odds with that of [ 86 , 87 ], all of whom found support for the growth hypothesis in their respective panel samples. Nonetheless, it agrees with the results of [ 88 ], who showed the Granger causality between GDP and rising energy consumption.…”

A comprehensive study to estimate income and price elasticities of household electricity consumption using Auto-metrics

“…The rise of co-integration evaluation in economics has made unpredictable time series simulations the standard for electricity demand estimation in the 2000s and early 2010s. The two-stage estimating technique and the maximum likelihood method for multi-dimensional co-integration evaluation have been established and used by researchers like Y. Li & Umair [ 5 ] and CUI et al [ 6 ]. They've introduced methods such as the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds approach, enhancing the estimation of short- and long-term elasticities without outliers and discontinuities.…”

Spillover effects of geopolitical risks on global energy markets: Evidence from CoVaR and CAViaR-EGARCH model

“…Among them, changes in supply and demand expectations exert a more immediate influence, whereas modifications in actual supply and demand exert a longer-term impact on energy prices. Finally, geopolitical uncertainty will disrupt energy markets through the indirect mechanism of financial linkage networks (Li and Umair, 2023; Ouyang et al, 2021; Shahzad et al, 2023). Based on the above theoretical analysis, it can be concluded that geopolitical risk exists objectively in the formation mechanism of energy supply demand and price.…”