The protein encoded by the Shewanella colwelliana melA gene is a p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase

Ruzafa, Carolina

doi:10.1016/0378-1097(94)90246-1

Cited by 15 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…HGA melanin accumulation also results from the expression of genes of the 4HPPD family from both eukaryotic and prokaryotic sources in E. coli (10,23,24,30,35,36). 4HPPD proteins in eukaryotes tend to be significantly larger than those of the prokaryotic family members, as reflected in human and Arabidopsis 4HPPD proteins, which are an estimated 50 and 45 kDa, respectively (30,34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Antibiotics Turbomycin A and B from a Metagenomic Library of Soil Microbial DNA

Gillespie

Brady

Bettermann

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

429

244

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Three clones, P57G4, P89C8, and P214D2, produced colonies with a dark brown melanin-like color. We fractionated the culture supernatant of P57G4 to identify the pigmented compound or compounds. Methanol extracts of the acid precipitate from the culture supernatant contained a red and an orange pigment. Structural analysis revealed that these were triaryl cations, designated turbomycin A and turbomycin B, respectively; both exhibited broad-spectrum antibiotic activity against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms. Mutagenesis, subcloning, and sequence analysis of the 25-kb insert in P57G4 demonstrated that a single open reading frame was necessary and sufficient to confer production of the brown, orange, and red pigments on E. coli; the predicted product of this sequence shares extensive sequence similarity with members of the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (4HPPD) family of enzymes. Another member of the same family of genes, lly, which is required for production of the hemolytic pigment in Legionella pneumophila, also conferred production of turbomycin A and B on E. coli. We further demonstrated that turbomycin A and turbomycin B are produced from the interaction of indole, normally secreted by E. coli, with homogentisic acid synthesized by the 4HPPD gene products. The results demonstrate successful heterologous expression of DNA extracted directly from soil as a means to access previously uncharacterized small organic compounds, serving as an example of a chimeric pathway for the generation of novel chemical structures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of Antibiotics Turbomycin A and B from a Metagenomic Library of Soil Microbial DNA

Gillespie

Brady

Bettermann

et al. 2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

429

244

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“…As stated above, this type of melanin is also formed in some fungi. Shewanella colweliana [145] and Vibrio cholerae [146][147][148] synthesize pyomelanin in response to specific physiological conditions that are stressful to the bacteria. Under those conditions, there is accumulation of homogentisic acid because of the low activity of homogentisate dioxygenase.…”

Section: Bacterial Melaninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More—Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes

Solano

2014

New Journal of Science

441

431

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This review presents a general view of all types of melanin in all types of organisms. Melanin is frequently considered just an animal cutaneous pigment and is treated separately from similar fungal or bacterial pigments. Similarities concerning the phenol precursors and common patterns in the formation routes are discussed. All melanins are formed in a first enzymatically-controlled phase, generally a phenolase, and a second phase characterized by an uncontrolled polymerization of the oxidized intermediates. In that second phase, quinones derived from phenol oxidation play a crucial role. Concerning functions, all melanins show a common feature, a protective role, but they are not merely photoprotective pigments against UV sunlight. In pathogenic microorganisms, melanization becomes a virulence factor since melanin protects microbial cells from defense mechanisms in the infected host. In turn, some melanins are formed in tissues where sunlight radiation is not a potential threat. Then, their redox, metal chelating, or free radical scavenging properties are more important than light absorption capacity. These pigments sometimes behave as a doubleedged sword, and inhibition of melanogenesis is desirable in different cells. Melanin biochemistry is an active field of research from dermatological, biomedical, cosmetical, and microbiological points of view, as well as fruit technology.

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“…Complete breakdown of tyrosine to acetoacetate and fumarate requires the enzymes 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase (4-HPPD) and homogentisic acid oxidase (HGA-oxidase). In the absence of HGA-oxidase, or if homogentisic acid (HGA) production exceeds that of HGA-oxidase activity, HGA is over-produced and excreted from the cell (Yabuuchi and Ohyama 1972;Ruzafa et al 1994;Katob et al 1995). Autooxidation and selfpolymerization of HGA then results in pyomelanin.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Properties and Function of Pyomelanin

Turick¹,

Knox²,

Becnel³

et al. 2010

Biopolymers

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The protein encoded by the Shewanella colwelliana melA gene is a p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase

Cited by 15 publications

References 14 publications

Isolation of Antibiotics Turbomycin A and B from a Metagenomic Library of Soil Microbial DNA

Isolation of Antibiotics Turbomycin A and B from a Metagenomic Library of Soil Microbial DNA

Melanins: Skin Pigments and Much More—Types, Structural Models, Biological Functions, and Formation Routes

Properties and Function of Pyomelanin

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