The protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate

Fuller, M. F.; Weekes, T. E. C.; Cadenhead, A.; Bruce, J. B.

doi:10.1079/bjn19770114

Cited by 67 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Second, glucose may interact with amino acid metabolism via endocrine responses. To increase the retention of dietary amino acids and inhibit gluconeogenesis, insulin secretion should be in synchrony with the post-absorptive supply of amino acids (Fuller et al, 1977;Barthel and Schmoll, 2003). Third, the presence of dietary carbohydrates may affect amino acid metabolism in the intestinal tissues with concurrent implications for the kinetics of amino acid availability to extra-intestinal tissues (Mariotti et al, 2000;Soeters et al, 2001;Bos et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronising the availability of amino acids and glucose increases protein retention in pigs

Borne

Schrama

Heetkamp

et al. 2007

Animal

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Effects of synchronising the availability of amino acids and glucose within a day on protein and energy metabolism were studied in growing pigs. Ten pigs of on average 54 (s.e. 1.0) kg live weight were assigned to each of two dietary treatments (synchronous v. asynchronous nutrient supply) in a change-over design. On the synchronous treatment (SYN), pigs received two balanced meals: one at 0800 h and one at 1600 h. On the asynchronous treatment (ASYN), pigs received virtually all protein at 0800 h and all carbohydrates at 1600 h. The dietary supply of ingredients and nutrients to pigs was similar for both treatments. Pigs were housed individually in respiration chambers. Faecal apparent nutrient digestibility was determined and nitrogen and energy balances were measured. Faecal apparent digestibility of energy, organic matter and non-starch polysaccharides was higher ( P , 0.05) for SYN than for ASYN. The efficiency of utilisation of digestible protein with protein gain was higher ( P ¼ 0.001) for SYN (56.7%) than for ASYN (47.1%). The substantial decrease ( P , 0.05) in respiratory quotient and 13 C enrichment of the expired CO 2 after the morning meal indicated higher amino acid oxidation for ASYN than for SYN. Heat production and energy retention as fat were not affected by nutrient synchrony. In conclusion, an asynchronous availability of glucose and amino acids within a day increases amino acid oxidation, resulting in a substantial reduction in protein utilisation but with virtually no effect on fat retention.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synchronising the availability of amino acids and glucose increases protein retention in pigs

Borne

Schrama

Heetkamp

et al. 2007

Animal

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“…The plasma concentrations of insulin, GH, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and a.-amino nitrogen were determined using procedures described by Fuller, Weekes, Cadenhead & Bruce (1977), Johke (1978), Enright, Chapin, Moseley, Zinn, Kamdar, Krabill & Tucker (1989) and Ibbot (1974), respectively. The plasma concentrations of glucagon and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were determined using commercially available kits (purchased from Eiken Chemicals Co. Ltd, Tokyo, Japan and Wako Chemicals Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan, respectively).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth hormone does not affect non‐insulin‐mediated glucose uptake in sheep

Rose

Obara²,

Itoh³

et al. 1997

Experimental Physiology

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SUMMARYFour adult Merino sheep were used in the experiment, which was divided into four parts. For the 5 days before parts 1 and 3 saline was injected and for the 5 days before parts 2 and 4 growth hormone (GH; 4 mg day-1 subcutaneously) was injected. In parts 1 and 2 a primed continuous infusion of [6,6-2H2]glucose and either saline or GH, respectively, were infused for 5 h. The first 3 h was the control period. From 3 to 5 h insulin (0-5 mU kg-' min-) was infused. Coincident with the insulin infusion, normal glucose was also infused at a variable rate, dependent on the rapidly determined plasma glucose concentration, in order to keep the plasma glucose concentration constant. Parts 3 and 4 of the experiment were the same as parts 1 and 2, respectively, except for the following: the glucose isotope and saline or GH were infused for 7 h, from 3 to 7 h somatostatin (SRIF; 0 417 jug kg-1 min-') was infused, and from 5 to 7 h insulin was infused. Measurements of glucose turnover were made in the last 40 min of the control, insulinonly, SRIF-only and insulin-plus-SRIF infusion periods. Plasma insulin levels were reduced to below the level of detection by the SRIF infusion; under such conditions whole body glucose uptake should be entirely non-insulin mediated (NIMGU). Expressing glucose uptake as glucose metabolic clearance rate revealed that GH had no effect on NIMGU but significantly reduced the level of insulin-mediated glucose uptake (IMGU). Thus a reduction in the rate of NIMGU is probably not part of the mechanism by which GH repartitions glucose to sites of growth and milk production, whilst the present study confirms the antagonistic effect of GH on IMGU.

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“…The nitrogen-sparing effect of carbohydrate is thought to be due to increased insulin secretion (29,30). A significant correlation between urinary C-peptide (a subunit of the proinsulin molecule) and secretion rates of insulin has been demonstrated (31), and this measurement has been used as an index of integrated plasma insulin activity.…”

Section: Effect Of Quality Of Energy Intakementioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Quality of Energy Intake on Growth and Metabolic Response of Enterally Fed Low-Birth-Weight Infants

et al. 2001

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Carbohydrate and fat may vary in their ability to support protein accretion and growth. If so, variations in the source of nonprotein energy might be used to therapeutic advantage in enterally fed low-birth-weight infants. To test the hypothesis that high-carbohydrate diets are more effective than isocaloric highfat diets in promoting growth and protein accretion, low-birthweight infants weighing 750 -1600 g at birth were randomized in a double blind study to receive one of five formulas differing only in the quantity and quality of nonprotein energy. Groups 1, 2, and control received 130 kcal·kg -1 ·d -1 with 35, 65, and 50% of the nonprotein energy as carbohydrate. Groups 3 and 4 received energy intake of 155 kcal·kg -1 ·d -1 with 35 and 65% of the nonprotein energy as carbohydrate. Protein intake of all groups was 4 g·kg -1 ·d -1 . Growth and metabolic responses were followed weekly, and macronutrient balances including 6-h indirect calorimetry were performed biweekly. Greater rates of weight gain and nitrogen retention were observed at high-carbohydrate intake compared with high-fat intake at both gross energy intakes. Greater rates of energy storage and an increase in skinfold thickness were observed in group 4 (high-energy highcarbohydrate diet) despite higher rates of energy expenditure. These data support the hypothesis that at isocaloric intakes, carbohydrate is more effective than fat in enhancing growth and protein accretion in enterally fed low-birth-weight infants. However, a diet with high-energy and high-carbohydrate content also results in increased fat deposition. The American Academy of Pediatrics has suggested that a logical goal for nutritional support of the preterm LBW infant is to achieve postnatal growth approximating that of a normal fetus of the same postconceptional age (1, 2). Attempts to achieve this goal by feeding enriched diets have been successful in supporting the intrauterine rate of weight gain (3-7), but invariably these diets lead to a disproportionate increase in body fat. The reasons for this postnatal failure to maintain the high fetal rates of protein accretion relative to fat deposition are unknown. One difference between fetal and neonatal life is the relatively greater dependence of the fetus on carbohydrate versus fat as an energy source. If the fetus is relatively more dependent on carbohydrate than fat, then it is possible that the same is true of the fetus ex utero, i.e. the preterm LBW infant. This reintroduces a question of long-standing concern in developmental nutrition, namely, do carbohydrate and fat differ in some fundamental way in their ability to support protein synthesis? Indeed, there is experimental evidence that supports the hypothesis that calorie for calorie, utilization of carbohydrate as an energy source is more effective than fat in supporting protein accretion (8 -11); other research, however, asserts that this effect is transient (12). In enterally fed LBW infants, this hypothesis remains untested.LBW infants are ideal subjects for studying th...

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The protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate

Cited by 67 publications

References 21 publications

Synchronising the availability of amino acids and glucose increases protein retention in pigs

Synchronising the availability of amino acids and glucose increases protein retention in pigs

Growth hormone does not affect non‐insulin‐mediated glucose uptake in sheep

Effects of Quality of Energy Intake on Growth and Metabolic Response of Enterally Fed Low-Birth-Weight Infants

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