The province-wise literacy rate in Pakistan and its impact on the economy

Rehman, Abdul; Jingdong, Luan; Hussain, Imran

doi:10.1016/j.psrb.2016.09.001

Cited by 76 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The literacy level in the Punjab province of Pakistan is around 60%, with millions of people over the age of 15 years unable to read or write, 21 so the tendency for couples to seek directive advice is likely to be high. In light of the growing availability of prenatal genetic technologies in LMICs, our findings suggest there will be an increased need for HCPs to provide directive advice about antenatal screening in LMICs.…”

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confidence: 99%

Autonomous decision-making for antenatal screening in Pakistan: views held by women, men and health professionals in a low–middle income country

Ahmed

Jafri²,

Rashid³

et al. 2019

Eur J Hum Genet

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Prenatal genetic technologies now are being implemented in LMICs and while there is much research on the ethical, legal and social implications of such technologies in Western countries, there is a paucity of such research in LMICs, which have diverse cultural, religious, political, financial and health service contexts. This study aimed to explore views about women's autonomous decision-making for antenatal screening held by women, men and healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Pakistan. A Q-methodology study was conducted during June 2016 to January 2018 in Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 137 participants (60 women, 57 men, 20 HCPs) rank ordered 41 statements. Following by-person factor analysis, four distinct viewpoints were identified. Three of these represent views held by women and men only: autonomous decision-making requires directive advice from doctors; autonomous decision-making requires the husband's involvement, where independent decision-making by the woman is considered culturally inappropriate; and opting for antenatal screening is a foregone decision. One contrasting viewpoint represents predominantly HCPs: autonomous decision-making is the couple's responsibility. These findings highlight that Western approaches to facilitating women's autonomy for antenatal screening are unlikely to be suitable for use in Pakistan. Instead, culturally appropriate practice guidelines are needed in LMICs to enable HCPs to adopt shared decision-making approaches in a way that enables them to facilitate active and joint decision-making by couples, while ensuring women exercise their autonomy.

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Section: Page 14mentioning

confidence: 99%

Autonomous decision-making for antenatal screening in Pakistan: views held by women, men and health professionals in a low–middle income country

Ahmed

Jafri²,

Rashid³

et al. 2019

Eur J Hum Genet

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“…Other sociodemographic factors in this region include relatively low literacy levels (50-60%) (Rehman, Jingdong, & Hussain, 2015) and relatively high unemployment rates (8.5%) (particularly in females, 16.3%) (Pakistan Economic Survey 2010-11, 2012, both previously noted to be associated with higher rates of suicide (Rezaie, Khazaie, Soleimani, & Schwebel, 2011;Shojaei et al, 2014). In addition, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region has the highest rate of psychoactive substance use in Pakistan (10.9% within the previous year), with cannabis (4.7%), opiate analgesics (4.4%), tranquilizers or sedatives (2.4%), heroin (1.0%), and opium use (0.6%) particularly common (Drug Use in Pakistan 2013, 2014.…”

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Psychological autopsy review on mental health crises and suicide among youth in Pakistan

Abdullah

Khalily

Ahmad

et al. 2018

Asia-Pacific Psychiatry

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Introduction Ascertaining putative sociodemographic and clinical causes for death by probable suicide can potentially help implement region‐specific strategies to reduce suicide rates. In this study, we wanted to investigate methods utilized and the psychosocial and mental health characteristics of youths (aged 12‐26 y) who died by probable suicide. Method We examined data from mental health clinical files and forensic reports and performed qualitative psychological autopsy interview from more than multiple sources for each youth who died by probable suicide between 1 May and 31 December 2015 in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. Results The two most common methods of probable suicide were by firearm use and self‐poisoning utilizing pesticides that were significantly associated with male and female gender, respectively. The most common mental health difficulties were major depressive disorder and harmful use of psychoactive substances. Other clinical features particularly evident included thoughts of self‐harm, irritability and aggression, low self‐esteem, treatment nonadherence, family dispute, and financial distress. Conclusion Efforts to reduce the ease of access to firearms and pesticides may potentially have a beneficial effect in reducing the suicide rate in this region of Pakistan.

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“…It is currently the sixth most populous country in the world and is expected to become the third most populous by 2050 [4,5] and 10% of the country's total population is estimated to be over 60 years of age [6]. Islam is the religion of the state with 97 % of the population being Muslim [7], with a very low literacy rate of 56% and low GDP per capita [8]. Among several factors identified as contributors to people's understanding of different medical conditions, religious and cultural beliefs, level of education and living arrangements are also important ones that play a role in explanatory models of disease symptomatology [9] and outcomes [10].…”

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Dementia Survey amongst Attendees of a Dementia Awareness Event in Karachi, Pakistan

Khan¹

2017

AND

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2016, over 47 million people worldwide have dementia and this number is expected to rise to more than 131 million by 2050 [1]. In 2015 58% of the total dementia population is estimated to reside in Low and Middle Income Countries (LMICs) which is expected to rise to 63% by 2030 and 68% by 2050 [2]. Dementia and related issues in LMICs are different than in the West including assessment, diagnosis, awareness, caregiver characteristics, resources, and policy and strategies. Therefore research done in the West may not be applicable to LMICs in all aspects and contextualized research is needed for tailored solutions in such settings [3].Pakistan is a low middle income country in South East Asia with a rapidly aging population. It is currently the sixth most populous country in the world and is expected to become the third most populous by 2050 [4,5] and 10% of the country's total population is estimated to be over 60 years of age [6]. Islam is the religion of the state with 97 % of the population being Muslim [7], with a very low literacy rate of 56% and low GDP per capita [8]. Among several factors identified as contributors to people's understanding of different medical conditions, religious and cultural beliefs, level of education and living arrangements are also important ones that play a role in explanatory models of disease symptomatology [9] and outcomes [10]. In Pakistan, joint family system prevails and people with dementia are mostly cared for at home by family members and informal caregivers. A qualitative study conducted in Lahore, Pakistan interviewed 8 dementia caregivers to explore thinking patterns, physical health; identified maladaptive cognitive patterns fatigue and sleep disturbances as causes of caregiver distress [11]. Caregiver distress is also often associated with type, severity, and frequency of dementia symptoms [12]. Caregiver characteristics and relationship with patient may also differ in different geographical regions, affecting the dynamics, quality of care and care burden [11]. In Pakistan, caregiver role is usually assigned to women [13] who may be spouses, daughters or daughter in laws of the affected person. Due to the unique characteristics of this society and dearth of dementia related research, it is important to study people's knowledge about dementia, cultural beliefs, most common and difficult to manage symptoms and resources available.We designed a 15 item questionnaire survey to be filled out by the participants of a dementia awareness program in Karachi to study patients' knowledge, care arrangement and caregiver characteristics. MethodsAga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) is a private teaching hospital located in a densely populated area of Karachi. The hospital is considered to be one of the most sophisticated in the country and regularly organizes CME sessions, awareness events and capacity building exercises for trainees, physicians and general public in the city and the country. The hospital has the only trained neuropsychiatrist (Khan Q) in the country. As a part of ...

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The province-wise literacy rate in Pakistan and its impact on the economy

Cited by 76 publications

References 3 publications

Autonomous decision-making for antenatal screening in Pakistan: views held by women, men and health professionals in a low–middle income country

Autonomous decision-making for antenatal screening in Pakistan: views held by women, men and health professionals in a low–middle income country

Psychological autopsy review on mental health crises and suicide among youth in Pakistan

Dementia Survey amongst Attendees of a Dementia Awareness Event in Karachi, Pakistan

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