The psychological characteristics of people consuming vegetarian, vegan, paleo, gluten free and weight loss dietary patterns

Abstract

Summary Objective Previous research has identified several psychological factors associated with dietary restriction but has focused almost exclusively on the subcategory of people following a weight loss diet. Little is known about the psychological factors associated with other kinds of restrictive dietary patterns. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the identified psychological characteristics of dieters (e.g. elevated disordered eating behaviours, poor well‐being) are a cause of dieting, follow from calorie restriction or are the result of cognitive restraint. Methods This study conducted the first direct comparison of people ( N = 393) following five different restrictive dietary patterns (vegetarian, vegan, gluten free, paleo and weight loss) as well as a comparison group who were not following a specific dietary pattern. Results The weight loss group had more negative psychological characteristics than all other groups, reporting the highest levels of eating disorder symptoms ( M = 1.50), food cravings ( M = 69.39), emotional eating ( M = 2.97) and negative affect ( M = 19.72). By contrast, several of the other restrictive dietary groups showed a number of psychological strengths, relative to the comparison group. This was particularly apparent among the paleo group, who reported the lowest levels of eating disorder symptoms ( M = 0.74), food cravings ( M = 47.63), emotional eating ( M = 2.30) and negative affect ( M = 14.81). By contrast, people following vegetarian and gluten free diets were largely the same as the non‐restricted comparison group in their psychological characteristics. Conclusions People adhering to different dietary patterns showed stark differences in their psychological characteristics. Indeed, some restrictive dietary patterns (paleo and vegan) were associated with more positive psychological characteristics than seen in an unrestricted comparison group. This suggests that the psychological risk factors seen in weight loss dieters are not attributable to a restrictive dietary regimen per se .

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Interaction between Vegetarian Versus Omnivorous Diet and Unhealthy Eating Patterns (Orthorexia Nervosa, Cognitive Restraint) and Body Mass Index in Adults

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“An Important Part of Who I am”: The Predictors of Dietary Adherence among Weight-Loss, Vegetarian, Vegan, Paleo, and Gluten-Free Dietary Groups

“…Three stages of quantitative analyses were conducted. First, given that there are demographic differences between dietary groups [53], in stage one we first examined whether any demographic characteristics predicted adherence in an analysis of variance (ANOVA), which included gender, ethnicity, health condition, and dietary group as categorical predictors, and age and BMI as continuous predictors. In stage two, regression analyses were conducted to investigate which of the psychosocial variables from each category significantly predicted adherence in the overall sample.…”