“…Although previous studies worldwide vary greatly in their methodology, sufficient convergence has emerged to implicate several sociodemographic variables captured in this data set as potential risk factors for misclassification of depression (Araya et al, 1992;Chipimo and Fylkesnes, 2010;Cluver et al, 2009;Das et al, 2007;Jewkes et al, 2010;Kaggwa and Hindin, 2010;Khasakhala et al, 2012;Langhaug et al, 2010;Mavhu et al, 2013;Nyamukapa et al, 2010;Scholte et al, 2011). Studies have shown that gender, education, wealth levels, orphan status, and age can have varying effect on depression misclassification (Araya et al, 1992;Lewis and Araya, 1995;Mari and Williams, 1986;Schmiege and Russo, 2005;Whetten et al, 2011).…”