The psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers in Pakistan

Riaz, Babar; Rafai, Wajid; Ussaid, Ahmad; Masood, Atif; Anwar, Sohail; Baig, Faisal Amin; Saleem, Khurram; Nasir, Shumaila A; Firdous, Zaima; Iqbal, Farrukh

doi:10.7861/fhj.2020-0193

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This study showed that high levels of fear of COVID-19 were powerfully associated with negative emotional responses such as anxiety, depression, and stress. Furthermore, this study suggested that there was an urgent need for effective mental health training and counseling programs to promote mental health and diminish the chronic effects of COVID-19 pandemic (Riaz et al, 2021). A recent study revealed that a fear of COVID-19 had a substantial progressive association with emotional distress (anxiety, depression, and stress; Bakioglu et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Association Between Fear of COVID-19 and Emotional Distress in Nurses With Mediating Role of Socio-Demographic Features

et al. 2021

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Objectives: To determine the predictive association between fear of COVID-19 and emotional distress (depression, anxiety, and stress) in frontline and non-frontline nurses. To explore the mediating role of socio-demographic features.Methods: Correlational cross-sectional research design was implied. A total of 500 on-duty male and female, frontline and non-frontline, nurses were included from five major hospitals in Gujrat (Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Hospital, City Hospital, Doctors Hospital, Akram Hospital, and Gujrat Hospital). Fear of COVID-19 scale and the Urdu version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale - 21 (DASS-21) were used to measure variables of interest. Descriptive statistics, structural equation modeling (SEM), linear regression, and t-test were carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 21.Result: Structural equation modeling (SEM) revealed a significant predictive link between fear of COVID-19 and depression, anxiety, and stress (goodness of model fit; NFI = 0.93, GFI = 0.914, AGFI = 0.93, CFI = 0.936, and IFI = 0.936). Furthermore, a significant mediating effect of certain demographic features was discovered by SEM (CMIN/DF = 1.11, NFI = 0.94, TLI = 0.98, GFI = 0.08, AGFI = 0.93, RMSEA = 0.029, CFI = 0.99, and IFI = 0.99). Results of linear regression analysis also revealed a momentous predictive association between fear of COVID-19 and emotional distress (R = 0.860). In comparative analysis, the results of t-test explored the statistical significant difference in fear of COVID-19 and emotional distress between frontline (mean = 25.775, 36.147 and SD = 1.75, 2.23) and non-frontline nurses (mean = 21.702, 27.353 and SD = 4.607, 10.212), with t(130) =7.111, 6.92.Conclusion: Managing the mediating effect of demographic characteristics and reducing the fear of COVID-19 can help nurses to overcome emotional distress, such as depression, anxiety, and stress. Further, this will increase the productivity among nurses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Association Between Fear of COVID-19 and Emotional Distress in Nurses With Mediating Role of Socio-Demographic Features

et al. 2021

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“…The percentage of healthcare workers with moderate to severe anxiety was 30.3% without any association with factors such as gender, profession, salary, or direct contact with COVID-19 patients in healthcare settings. Studies conducted on healthcare workers from Pakistan [ 22 - 23 ] have consistently shown a higher percentage of study subjects suffering from anxiety when compared to an estimated prevalence of 23% reported in a systematic review of 12 studies conducted on more than 33 thousand healthcare workers from other Asian countries [ 24 ]. It is to be noted, however, that the majority of data for this systematic review was collected from studies conducted in China and Singapore, countries with a significantly higher GDP than Pakistan, therefore economic factors cannot be excluded when it comes to explaining a 30% increase in symptoms of moderate to severe anxiety amongst healthcare workers from Pakistan.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Mental Health Survey of Medical Professionals Working During the COVID-19 Pandemic at Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital, Lahore

Chatha¹,

Khan²,

Ahmed³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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IntroductionThe last months of 2019 saw the emergence of a novel coronavirus, SARS-COV-2, capable of causing widespread disease in humans. The rapid spread of this new disease culminated in one of the biggest pandemics in known history. The far-reaching social, economical, and health effects of this pandemic are still unfolding on a global scale.Given the interconnectedness of social, environmental, and biological factors in manifesting psychiatric illnesses, it is fair to assume that the profound effects of this pandemic would likely increase the strain on mental healthcare systems.The objective of this study was to assess the mental health burden amongst healthcare workers at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center (SKMCH & RC) at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic and to identify any differences in the mental health scores of anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbance for professionals directly involved in the care of COVID-19 patients as compared to those who were not. Material and methodsThis was an observational cross-sectional clinical study that used self-reported questionnaires after approval from the hospital's ethical board. The sample size was calculated based on a study published previously by Huang using a 23.04% incidence of anxiety in medical staff. Depression was quantified using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score (PHQ-9), anxiety by the Beck Anxiety Inventory, and sleep quality using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index checklist (PSQI). A total of 221 healthcare workers who completed the questionnaires were included in the study and the results were analyzed using SPSS Statistics v. 23 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY). Levene's test was used to assess the equality of variances, and an independent sample t-test and chi-square test were applied for the comparison of means. A one-way ANOVA test was used to compare means across more than two groups. ResultsOf the 221 healthcare workers recruited in the study, 57% were males, and 43% were females. Among the sample, 43% of participants were doctors, 27.1% were nurses, and others were technicians and medical assistants.It was observed that 50% of males and 36% of female healthcare workers experienced moderate to severe depression at the onset of the pandemic. Furthermore, 35% of males and 25% of females suffered from moderate to severe anxiety, and more than 80% of our study population reported poor quality of sleep. ConclusionThe present study reported a high prevalence of anxiety levels, depressive symptoms, and poor sleep quality among the healthcare professionals working in SKMCH & RC Lahore during the COVID-19 pandemic irrespective of direct contact with COVID-19 patients in a healthcare setting.

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“…They should be provided with mental health resource and support when needed. [9,23] Organizations should promote self-care in nurses by offering flexible or shorter work hours, provide adequate breaks and more personal or vacation paid time off (PTO). [12] In one study, the building of resilience in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 was found to preserve their mental and psychological health and well-being.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The psychological effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural appalachian nurses

Ferguson

Maynard

2021

JNEP

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The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected all individuals around the globe, spreading rapidly in late 2019. Confirmed cases of COVID-19 continue to be on the rise causing healthcare facilities to be overwhelmed. In the Appalachian region of the US, the pandemic has been devastating for the community. Healthcare workers on the frontline have had to respond to the pandemic by working directly with patients infected in both the hospital and community setting and have placed themselves and their families at risk of physical and psychological harm. Nurses are especially at risk due to their close personal contact with patients with COVID-19. The aim of this study was to assess the psychological impact of the pandemic on rural Appalachian nurses working directly with patients with COVID-19 in the acute care hospital setting. A cross-sectional design was utilized for this study. The Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) was administered to 77 nurses. The results of the study found that 66.3\% of the nurses self-reported their level of depression between a moderate to extremely severe level when caring for COVID-19 patients. In addition, 72.8% of participants reported their anxiety level between moderate to extremely severe and finally, 58.5% reported their stress levels between moderate to extremely severe during this time period. Based on the results of this study, it is imperative that healthcare facilities develop strategies and interventions to address the physical and mental health needs of nurses caring for patients in these stressful work environments.

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The psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers in Pakistan

Cited by 9 publications

References 25 publications

Association Between Fear of COVID-19 and Emotional Distress in Nurses With Mediating Role of Socio-Demographic Features

Association Between Fear of COVID-19 and Emotional Distress in Nurses With Mediating Role of Socio-Demographic Features

A Mental Health Survey of Medical Professionals Working During the COVID-19 Pandemic at Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital, Lahore

The psychological effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on rural appalachian nurses

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