The Psychological Impact of Helping in a Disaster--The New York City Experience, September 11th, 2001

Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in utility workers deployed to the World Trade Center following the attacks of September 11, 2001

“…Studies to-date have documented rates of PTSD between 9 and 35% [5,[11][12][13][14] as well as high rates of subsyndromal PTSD [15,16] among a diversity of disaster workers. These studies have relied primarily on selfreport data: a cost-effective approach as clinicians are not required for their administration, but one that may lead to an under-identification of symptoms and may be unduly influenced by social desirability.…”

Pilot Study of a Telehealth-Delivered Medication-Augmented Exposure Therapy Protocol for PTSD

“…Individuals in certain occupations, termed “occupations at risk,” such as firefighters, law enforcement, emergency workers, and military personnel, are at greater risk of developing PTSD due to their increased frequency of trauma exposure. For example, studies of disaster workers have found rates of PTSD ranging from 9% to 35% (Harvey-Lintz & Tidwell, 1997; Marmar et al, 1999; North, Tivis, McMillen, Pfefferbaum, Cox, et al, 2002; North, Tivis, McMillen, Pfefferbaum, Spitznagel, et al, 2002; Rosenczweig, Kravitz, & Devlin, 2002); emergency medical workers have estimated PTSD rates of 21% (Bennett et al, 2005; Clohessy & Ehlers, 1999; Jonsson, Segesten, & Mattsson, 2003); and Iraq and Afghanistan (OIF/OEF/OND) combat veterans have an estimated PTSD prevalence rate of 25% (Gentes et al, 2014; Hoge, Terhakopian, Castro, Messer, & Engel, 2007; Ramchand et al, 2010; U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, & U.S. Department of Educaton, August 2013).…”