The Psychotherapy Relationship

Snyder, William U.; Snyder, Barbara June

doi:10.1097/00005053-196110000-00014

Cited by 78 publications

(51 citation statements)

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“…The observation that some therapists are more successful with certain patients may be related to the therapist's interest in particular problems or types of patient (8,16,26,32,100,110,(153)(154)(155)(156)(157)(158)(159)(160)(161).…”

Section: Attitude To Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The criteria for selection may have evolved during the past sixty years into an empirical recognition of those patients most likely to respond to psychoanalytic treatment and perhaps to any appropriate treatment (93,102,107,221,282,283,295,296). Patients who meet the criteria for psychotherapy or psychoanalysis frequently have sociocultural expectations, back ground, and interests that are similar to their therapists (3,4,9,16,31,48,49,56,93,100,102,103,107,221,279,282,283,(295)(296)(297)(298)(299)(300). Cultural mutuality, as noted previously, is related to the therapist's interest in the patient, treatment, results, and the success of treatment (26, 48, 49, 100, 104, 258).…”

Section: Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iatroplacebogenics

Shapiro¹

1969

Int Pharmacopsychiatry

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This paper discussed how the psychosociology of the physician contributes to therapeutic and placebo effects. The mechanisms was referred to as iatroplacebogenics, a term describing the study of placebo effects produced by physicians. Iatroplacebogenesis can be direct or indirect. Direct iatroplacebogenesis includes: 1. Attitude to patients, which refers to the therapist’s interest, warmth, friendliness, liking, sympathy, empathy, neutrality, disinterest, hostility, and rejection. 2. Attitude to treatment, which refers to the therapist’s interest, faith, belief, enthusiasm, conviction, commitment, optimism, positive and negative expectations, skepticism, disbelief, and pessimism. 3. Attitude to results, which refers to data distortion caused by random observer effects and by intentional and unintentional nonrandom observer bias. An extensive review of the literature demonstrates that these attitudes of the physician are associated with therapeutic and placebo effects. The explanation of how these factors influence results is less clear, bift the following are suggested: The primary and direct effect of the healer’s interest in the patient is on reduction of guilt. It is also associated with increased potentials for learning, conditioning, suggestibility, catharsis, and it stimulates other factors which have been correlated with placebo effects. The primary and direct effect of the therapist’s interest in treatment is the mobilization of the patient’s hope and optimism. This factor also has a direct effect on reduction of guilt. The direct effect of interest in results is on nonrandom intentional or nonintentional observer bias. Data are influenced, communicated, distorted, and then used to confirm hypotheses. All of these factors may now interact with the potential specific effects of various therapies. Indirect iatroplacebogenesis is a subtle mechanism that has not been considered in the literature. The physician’s interest may be indirect, subtle, and paradoxical. An interest in a theory and method of treatment, despite disinterest in the patient, may produce placebo effects. This occurs when the patient displaces the interest from the therapy to himself and experiences the physician’s interest in his treatment as a personal one. Thus, placebo effects are produced or augmented when the physician is prestigious, dedicated to his theory and therapy, especially if it is of his own innovation, or if he is a recent convert, and when the therapies are elaborate, detailed, expensive, time-consuming, fashionable, esoteric, and dangerous. Data in support of the concept of direct and indirect iatroplacebogenesis were derived from the history of medicine, psychopharmacology, case histories of patients treated with psychochemotherapy and psychoanalysis, and many clinical and experimental studies and observations about placebo and therapeutic effects. The conclusion was reached that although the placebo effect is a multideterminedphenomenon,iatroplacebogenesismay parsimoniously help explain many observations about therapeut...

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Section: Attitude To Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Iatroplacebogenics

Shapiro¹

1969

Int Pharmacopsychiatry

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“…There are many guides to conducting psychodynamic and intensive psychotherapy (Basch, 1980;Bugenthal, 1987;Chessick, 1991;Fromm-Reichman, 1950;Gabbard, 2004;Greenson, 1967;McWilliams, 2004;Paul, 1978;Rogers, 1961;Snyder, 1961;Wallin, 2007); however, the majority are grounded in various theories of personality or psychopathology and focus on general principles of psychotherapy. As such, they often provide only an overview of the therapy process without addressing specific problematic situations that frequently arise in the course of treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Common Errors in Conducting Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Illustrative Vignettes and Alternative Strategies

Trimboli

Keenan

Marshall

2016

APT

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In this paper 12 common errors that occur in the course of psychodynamic psychotherapy are reviewed. Rationales for why we consider these to be errors are described, and vignettes are used to illustrate the errors, lastly, recommendations for alternate approaches consistent with effective psychodynamic psychotherapy are presented. The errors reviewed include concerns regarding the maintenance of appropriate limits and boundaries; decisions regarding the focus and form of treatment; no-suicide contracts; fee arrangements; missed sessions; psychological testing of psychotherapy patients; selecting appropriate patients for psychotherapy; and the importance of personal psychotherapy for the therapist. The suggestions provided are consistent with what we believe are the goals of psychodynamic psychotherapy: autonomy, insight, and self-determination.

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“…Client and therapist versions of rating scales and questionnaires were developed, which allowed both the objective study of clients' and therapists' subjective experiences and comparisons of participants' and researchers'/observers' perspectives (see e.g. Orlinsky & Howard, 1967;Snyder, 1961;Strupp, Fox, & Lessler, 1969). There were also a number of pioneering studies in group therapy in which clients' and therapists' written reports on their perceptions of important events were collected and classified into categories of therapeutic factors (see e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapy talk and talk about therapy : Client-identified important events in psychotherapy

Viklund¹

2014

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Capturing and studying the moments in psychotherapy that clients find most important can help us understand more about how psychotherapy works, what the curative ingredients are, and by what processes they are mediated. Qualitative research in this area has, so far, mainly focused on describing, and categorizing clients' experiences of important factors and events. The methods employed to analyse the data have been rather limited in variation and are usually based on a realist epistemology, according to which data are basically treated as reflections of the clients' actual experiences. This entails a risk of overlooking and obscuring other aspects of therapy and the therapy process that are equally important to explore, for example the microprocesses of interaction within important events, or how clients' accounts of their experiences are shaped and limited by the context in which they are produced. The overall aim of this licentiate thesis was to explore client-identified important events in psychotherapy with a focus on studying therapy talk and talk about therapy from a social constructionist point of view, which would allow a closer exploration of the understudied areas mentioned above.In Study I, Conversation Analysis was used to explore the interaction taking place between seven client-therapist dyads in 16 client-identified important events collected from their third sessions. The analysis identified that 12 of the events contained clients' expressions of disagreement. Three different ways that the therapists handled the disagreement were discerned: The first, and most common, way was to orient to the client's cues of disagreement by inviting the client to elaborate on his or her point of view and to establish a shared understanding acceptable to both participants. The second way was to orient to the client's disagreement cues but define the therapist's own point view as more relevant than the client's, and the third way was a single case in which the therapist did not in any way orient to the client's disagreement cues.In Study II, two qualitative methods based on different epistemologies were used to analyse the same set of eight clients' accounts of 18 important events. The aim was to first identify what types of events clients describe as important, and then explore how their accounts of these events were contextually shaped and organized, and the consequences of this. The first analysis, a content analysis, yielded descriptions of five different types of events, which were similar to the ones found in previous research on important events. The second analysis, a discourse analysis, demonstrated how clients' accounts were not only influenced by the participants' ability to accurately remember and report their experience, but also by what was sayable within the context of the research interview. In conclusion, the two studies demonstrate how qualitative methods based on a socialconstructive perspective can contribute to our understanding of clientidentified important events by highlighting and ...

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The Psychotherapy Relationship

Cited by 78 publications

References 0 publications

Iatroplacebogenics

Iatroplacebogenics

Common Errors in Conducting Psychodynamic Psychotherapy: Illustrative Vignettes and Alternative Strategies

Therapy talk and talk about therapy : Client-identified important events in psychotherapy

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