The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

Brownell, Kelly D.; Farley, Thomas A.; Willett, Walter C.; Popkin, Barry M.; Chaloupka, Frank J.; Thompson, James M.; Ludwig, David S.

doi:10.1056/nejmhpr0905723

Cited by 634 publications

(503 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Policy approaches include proposals to tax certain foods and beverages and forcing disclosure of nutritional information including caloric content of meals. 22 Unfortunately, an information void exists about trends in physical activity in the United States during much of the last three decades. Nevertheless, it is commonly assumed that total energy expenditure has declined in the United States in part because of growth in occupations with low energy expenditure, expansion in mechanization, increases in sedentary activities and heavy use of motorized transportation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States from 1999–2008

et al. 2010

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Background and Objective: The United States has experienced a large increase in the prevalence of obesity since the 1970s. Our objective was to describe recent trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States. Design: Trend study of cross-sectional studies. Subjects: We used data from up to 22 872 men and non-pregnant women aged X20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2008. Main Outcome Measures: Main outcome measures are mean body mass index and waist circumference, percentages of obesity and abdominal obesity. Obesity was defined as a body mass index X30 kg m À2 , and abdominal obesity was defined as a waist circumference X102 cm in men and X88 cm in women. Results: In men, the age-adjusted mean body mass index, mean waist circumference, and prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity were 27.8 kg m À2 , 99.1 cm, and 26.9 and 37.8%, respectively, during 1999-2000 and 28.5 kg m À2 (P trend ¼ 0.001), 100.8 cm (P trend ¼ 0.002), and 32.0 (P trend ¼ 0.001) and 43.7% (P trend ¼ 0.002), respectively, during [2007][2008]. In women, the age-adjusted mean body mass index, mean waist circumference, and prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity were 28.2 kg m À2 , 92.2 cm, and 33.2 and 55.8%, respectively, during 1999-2000 and 28.6 kg m À2 (P trend ¼ 0.181), 94.9 cm (P trend ¼ 0.006), and 35.2 (P trend ¼ 0.180) and 61.8% (P trend ¼ 0.036), respectively, during 2007-2008. Significant linear trends for increasing prevalence of obesity were noted among men with the least and most education. Conclusion: Between 1999 and 2008, both obesity and abdominal obesity increased in men, and abdominal obesity increased in women.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States from 1999–2008

et al. 2010

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“…1 The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and saturated fat has been linked to risks for obesity and diabetes. In recent decades, the intake of sugar-sweetened beverages has clearly increased around the world, 2 and from a recent survey among children, consumption of both sugar-sweetened beverages and saturated fat (especially from snack foods) exceed recommended daily levels. 3 It is, therefore, important to understand how consumption of dietary fat and sugar (in solution) contributes to the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A free-choice high-fat high-sugar diet induces glucose intolerance and insulin unresponsiveness to a glucose load not explained by obesity

et al. 2010

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Objectives: In diet-induced obesity, it is not clear whether impaired glucose metabolism is caused directly by the diet, or indirectly via obesity. This study examined the effects of different free-choice, high-caloric, obesity-inducing diets on glucose metabolism. In these free-choice diets, saturated fat and/or a 30% sugar solution are provided in an addition to normal chow pellets. Method: In the first experiment, male rats received a free-choice high-fat high-sugar (HFHS), free-choice high-fat (HF) or a chow diet. In a second experiment, male rats received a free-choice high-sugar (HS) diet or chow diet. For both experiments, after weeks 1 and 4, an intravenous glucose tolerance test was performed. Results: Both the HFHS and HF diets resulted in obesity with comparable plasma concentrations of free fatty acids. Interestingly, the HF diet did not affect glucose metabolism, whereas the HFHS diet resulted in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and in glucose intolerance because of a diminished insulin response. Moreover, adiposity in rats on the HF diet correlated positively with the insulin response to the glucose load, whereas adiposity in rats on the HFHS diet showed a negative correlation. In addition, total caloric intake did not explain differences in glucose tolerance. To test whether sugar itself was crucial, we next performed a similar experiment in rats on the HS diet. Rats consumed three times as much sugar when compared with rats on the HFHS diet, which resulted in obesity with basal hyperinsulinemia. Glucose tolerance, however, was not affected. Conclusion: Together, these results suggest that not only obesity or total caloric intake, but the diet content also is crucial for the glucose intolerance that we observed in rats on the HFHS diet.

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“…25,[28][29][30][31] Promising targets of the food environment that have been associated with diabetes risk in observational studies include approaches to increase fruit, vegetable, and whole-grain intake, and to reduce portion sizes and sweetened beverages. 27,30 Several strategies have been proposed for the food environment, including better food and menu labeling, and incentives for communities to support diverse healthy foods through farmers' markets and other diverse groceries.…”

Section: Tiered Approach To Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing Type 2 Diabetes in Communities Across the U.S.

Albright¹,

Gregg²

2013

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

261

218

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There are as many as 79 million people in the U.S. with prediabetes, and their risk of developing type 2 diabetes is four to 12 times higher than it is for people with normal glucose tolerance. Although advances in diabetes treatment are still needed, there is a critical need to implement effective strategies to stem the current and projected growth in new cases of type 2 diabetes. RCTs and translation studies have demonstrated that type 2 diabetes can be prevented or delayed in those at high risk, through a structured lifestyle intervention that can be delivered cost effectively. In order to bring this compelling lifestyle intervention to communities across America, Congress authorized the CDC to establish and lead the National Diabetes Prevention Program. Several aspects of the etiology of type 2 diabetes suggest that strategies addressing both those at high risk and the general population are necessary to make a major impact on the diabetes epidemic.

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The Public Health and Economic Benefits of Taxing Sugar-Sweetened Beverages

Cited by 634 publications

References 36 publications

Trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States from 1999–2008

Trends in obesity and abdominal obesity among adults in the United States from 1999–2008

A free-choice high-fat high-sugar diet induces glucose intolerance and insulin unresponsiveness to a glucose load not explained by obesity

Preventing Type 2 Diabetes in Communities Across the U.S.

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