“…Traditional academic programs characteristic of earlier classical schools would neither appeal intellectually to the new constituencies nor provide the care necessary to retain them once they had actually enrolled in school. The transformed mission of secondary schooling during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries—to prepare the vast majority of children for life by enhancing their vocational skills, improving the efficiency of their occupational choices, preventing social maladjustment, and insuring adequate levels of personal hygiene and public health—obligated schools to offer more than traditional classes in history, science, mathematics, and languages Dryfoos, 1994; Farrar & Hampel, 1985; Franklin, 1994; Levine & Levine, 1992; Reese, 1978, 1986; Sarason & Doris, 1979; Sedlak, 1983, 1995; Sedlak & Church, 1982; Sedlak & Schlossman, 1985; Tyack, 1979, 1992).…”