While public museums in advanced economies operate in constrained funding environments after public sector efficiency drives, there has not been a common, sector-wide response. Museums cope differently with tensions between the two logics of consequences and of appropriateness, which are mapped in this study based on annual reports. A "logic of appropriateness" in adapting traditional curatorial missions to include social and political objectives, expanding access, fostering an ethical and inclusive climate, pursuing broader policy objectives, sustainability, and innovation, and providing a forum for contradictory debate and non-nationalistic expression, varies substantially across organizations. There has been a wider embrace of a "logic of consequences" with targets to increase nongovernment income, ambitious renovation and expansion projects, digitalization and interactive audience engagement, and greater consideration given to resource allocation. Many museums now favor temporary "blockbuster" exhibitions to attract financial sponsors and ticket sales, which also appeals to more privileged constituencies and philanthropic supporters.
Evidence for practice• Unlike many other public sector agencies, most museums are still grappling with how to adapt to constrained government funding and to become more efficient, with improved digitalization, a common strategy that also increases accessibility. • Consequences: Museums do have access to significant nongovernment sources of revenue, management expertise, and generous supporters, which along with their governance structure and legislative basis, provides greater autonomy than many other public organizations. • Appropriateness: There is a tension between continuing to fulfill traditional roles and satisfying existing constituencies (as with expensive exhibitions), while also attempting to be more inclusive with diverse and challenging program offerings. • Consequences and appropriateness: Only very few museums score highly in terms of both consequences and appropriateness, and they have deepened their missions beyond the "4Is" (imaginative, innovative, inspiring, and international) to incorporate other progressive political, cosmopolitan, and social goals along with ambitious agendas for change. • It is possible for museums to combine logics of consequences and appropriateness; however, it seems that performance-related logics of consequences are more prominent and are perhaps conditional to then develop and add logics of appropriateness. • Most museums are not striving to be unique or the best in the world, with international collaboration more common than rivalry.