The Pulmonary and Metabolic Effects of Suspension by the Feet Compared With Lateral Recumbency in Immobilized Black Rhinoceroses (Diceros Bicornis) Captured by Aerial Darting

Radcliffe, Robin W.; Jago, Mark; Morkel, Peter vdB.; Morkel, Estelle; Preez, Pierre du; Beytell, Piet; Kötting, Birgit; Manuel, Bakker; Preez, J.H. Du; Miller, Michele A.; Felippe, Julia B.; Parry, Stephen; Gleed, Robin D.

doi:10.7589/2019-08-202

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 20 publications

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“…Hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and respiratory and metabolic (lactic acid) acidemia are consistent findings in white rhinoceroses immobilized with etorphine-based combinations ( 6 , 11 , 12 , 14 – 16 , 26 ), and caused by several factors including pulmonary hypertension, hypoventilation, and hypermetabolism associated with the μ-receptor-related and sympathetic effects of the etorphine ( 34 – 36 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Arterial Blood Gases and Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Etorphine-Medetomidine-Midazolam Immobilized Free-Ranging and Game-Farmed Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) Undergoing Electro-Ejaculation

Meuffels

Bertschinger

Tindall³

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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With the rapid loss of individuals in the wild, semen cryopreservation has gained importance to safeguard the genetic diversity of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum). For semen collection via electro-ejaculation, immobilization of free-ranging individuals requires the potent opioid etorphine, which is routinely combined with azaperone, but causes hypoxemia, hypercarbia, acidemia, muscle rigidity, tachycardia, and systemic hypertension. In this study, the suitability of two alternative immobilization protocols including etorphine, medetomidine, and midazolam at different doses (high vs. low etorphine) was evaluated in adult white rhinoceros bulls in two different management systems (free-ranging vs. game-farmed) and undergoing electro-ejaculation. Fourteen free-ranging (Group 1) and 28 game-farmed rhinoceroses (Group 2) were immobilized with ≈2.5 μg/kg etorphine (high dose), ≈2.5 μg/kg medetomidine, ≈25 μg/kg midazolam and 1,500–1,700 IU hyaluronidase and received ≈2.5 μg/kg of butorphanol intravenously at first handling. Twenty game-farmed animals (Group 3) received ≈1 μg/kg etorphine (low dose), ≈5 μg/kg medetomidine, ≈25 μg/kg midazolam and 1,700 IU hyaluronidase. Respiratory rate, heart rate and peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured at 5-min intervals; non-invasive oscillometric blood pressures and arterial blood gases at first handling and before reversal of the immobilization; serum clinical chemistry analytes and hematocrit at first handling. Generalized mixed models (fixed factors: group, time, recumbency; random factor: individual rhinoceros) were applied to compare longitudinal changes between free-ranging and game-farmed rhinoceroses immobilized with the higher etorphine dose (Groups 1 and 2), and between the two protocols tested in the game-farmed rhinoceroses (Groups 2 and 3). All animals were successfully immobilized, presented with normal lactate concentrations (<5 mmol/L), experienced no muscle tremors and recovered uneventfully. Hypoxemia and hypertension persisted throughout the immobilization in all groups. Acidemia and hypercarbia were absent in Group 1, but present in the game-farmed animals. The lower etorphine dose in Group 3 resulted in significantly longer induction times, however, tachycardia was not observed. SpO2 was higher for sternal vs. lateral recumbency. Semen-rich fractions were recovered following electro-stimulation in 46 out of the 62 animals. Our findings suggest that etorphine-medetomidine-midazolam provides effective immobilization with fewer side effects compared to previous reports in white rhinoceroses and is suitable for successful electro-ejaculation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Arterial Blood Gases and Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Etorphine-Medetomidine-Midazolam Immobilized Free-Ranging and Game-Farmed Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) Undergoing Electro-Ejaculation

Meuffels

Bertschinger

Tindall³

et al. 2022

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Total intravenous anaesthesia maintenance with an infusion of butorphanol, ketamine and guaifenesin in two greater one‐horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)

Vonfeld,

Leclerc,

Zilberstein

et al. 2024

Vet Record Case Reports

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This report describes the use of an ultrapotent, opioid‐free anaesthesia with an infusion of butorphanol, ketamine and guaifenesin in two captive adult male greater one‐horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Animals were premedicated intramuscularly with azaperone (0.05 mg/kg), butorphanol tartrate (0.05 and 0.02 mg/kg, respectively) and an α2‐agonist (detomidine 0.02 mg/kg and medetomidine 0.01 mg/kg, respectively). Once sternolaterally recumbent, rhinoceros were induced with intravenous ketamine (0.02 and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively) and midazolam (7.0 and 8.0 μg/kg, respectively). Intravenous infusions of guaifenesin (15.1 and 25 mg/kg/h, respectively) and of ketamine (22.5 and 29.1 μg/kg/h, respectively) and butorphanol (15.7 and 20.3 μg/kg/h, respectively), allowed stable anaesthesia maintenance for dental procedures to take place. Supplemental boluses of ketamine and α2‐agonist were required during noxious stimulation in both cases. Animals were reversed with intramuscular atipamezole (0.07–0.08 mg/kg) and naltrexone (0.06–0.08 mg/kg), with or without flumazenil (0.10 μg/kg), allowing smooth and quick recovery.

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Study that finds good sex clears a stuffed nose as well as a decongestant wins Ig Nobel prize for medicine

Tanne¹

2021

BMJ

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The Pulmonary and Metabolic Effects of Suspension by the Feet Compared With Lateral Recumbency in Immobilized Black Rhinoceroses (Diceros Bicornis) Captured by Aerial Darting

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Arterial Blood Gases and Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Etorphine-Medetomidine-Midazolam Immobilized Free-Ranging and Game-Farmed Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) Undergoing Electro-Ejaculation

Arterial Blood Gases and Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Etorphine-Medetomidine-Midazolam Immobilized Free-Ranging and Game-Farmed Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) Undergoing Electro-Ejaculation

Total intravenous anaesthesia maintenance with an infusion of butorphanol, ketamine and guaifenesin in two greater one‐horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)

Study that finds good sex clears a stuffed nose as well as a decongestant wins Ig Nobel prize for medicine

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