The pulmonary vascular bed in children with Down syndrome

Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Associated With Gastroesophageal Reflux in a 2-Month-Old Boy With Down Syndrome

“…11,12 Immunological deficiency, generally accompanying this syndrome, could also be responsible through increasing the risk of pulmonary infection. 13 Importantly, the susceptibility of patients with Down syndrome to the earlier and more severe development of PAH is also recognized even in those children with normal cardiac anatomy.…”

Patent ductus arteriosus associated with pulmonary hypertension and desaturation

“…Children with congenital heart defects and Down syndrome have particularly high PVR and a propensity towards early development of severe damage to the pulmonary vascular bed characterized by early progression of elevation of PVR probably due to insufficient thickness of the wall of the pulmonary artery [7]. In this report, cases 2 and 3 were Down syndrome.…”

Two-Stage Procedure for Pulmonary Vascular Obstructive Disease in Down Syndrome With Congenital Heart Disease

“…Cardiac catheterization tests before PAB revealed that the Qp/Qs was 1.74±0.80 and Pp/Ps was 0.92± 0.05, which suggested that the PH might be the result of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance. 19,20 Cardiac catheterization tests before ICR showed that the Qp/Qs was 1.09±0.28 and Pp/Ps was 0.50±0.12. The values of Qp/Qs, Pp/Ps, and CTR before PAB were not significantly different between the patients with and without PVOD within each of the AVSD and VSD groups ( Table 2).…”

“…When AVSD and VSD and/or PDA are complicated by early infantile PH, surgical intervention should be performed at an early stage. 17,[21][22][23] In Down syndrome patients, in particular, the prognosis largely depends on risk factors associated with PH, 19,20 such as alveolar hypoplasia 12 and insufficient media thickening 7 in the pulmonary vascular system, which develops into pulmonary vascular disease at an early stage.…”