The purification and preparation of high-purity PbCl2 and ternary alkali lead chloride single crystals

Growth and thermodynamic characterization of pure and Er-doped KPb2Cl5

“…Let us now address the issue of bubbling during the crystal growth. As the bubbles we observed are very similar to those distinguishable on the PbCl 2 , CsPbCl 3 , KPb 2 Cl 5 and RbPb 2 Cl 5 single crystals [11], we shall discuss the case of PbCl 2 , the thermochemical data of which are available. The formation of gaseous PbCl 4 under chlorine or hydrogen chloride is thermodynamically favored, respectively, -206.6 and -8.9 kJ mol À1 at 700 K. The absence of bubbles in rare earth doped crystals could be attributed to the fact that, according to Fig.…”

“…15) or 251 1C (524.15 K) [5,7,8] and according to some others not [9] (the suffix t stands for ''transition''). According to Nitsch and his coworkers [10][11][12][13], such a crystallographic transition would be responsible for the fact that some crystals grown by the Bridgman method (or one of its derivative) were obtained in cracked boules composed of $200 mm 3 single crystalline chunks. On the other hand, a recent study on the growth of rare earth-doped KPb 2 Cl 5 did not mention any comment on this issue [14].…”

Thermomechanical Measurements of Lead Halide Single Crystals

“…The thermal expansion measurements were performed on single-crystalline samples of PbCl 2 , PbBr 2 , PbI 2 , CuCl, CsPbCl 3 , CsPbBr 3 and RbPbCl 3 (grown from the melt by the Bridgman method [17,18]) of about 3 mm  3 mm  5 mm in size. The measurements were carried out using a TA Instruments 990 TMA 943 in a flow of dried nitrogen from room temperature up to the melting point of the individual halides tested (breakdown of the sample).…”

Rare-Earth-Doped Low Phonon Energy Halide Crystals for Mid-Infrared Laser Sources

“…2). The main reason why the APb 2 X 5 (A=K,Rb;X=Cl,Br) family of laser hosts has triggered a continuous breed of publications since 2001 lies in the non hygroscopicity of the crystals, which turns out to be unusual among chlorides and bromides host crystals with luminescent properties [Egger at al., 1999;Kaminska et al, 2011;Nitsch et al, 1993Nitsch et al, , 1995aNitsch et al, , 1995bNitsch et al, , 2004Nitsch & Rodová 1999;Rodová et al, 1995;Vinogradova et al, 2005;Zhou et al, 2000]. The interest of diode pumping lies in the simple and compact cavity design (cavity length of 8 mm with KPb 2 Cl 5 :Er 3+ crystals), and that of KPb 2 Cl 5 crystals, as previously stated, to manipulate a non hygroscopic and air stable gain medium.…”

“…The growth conditions of pure or RE 3+ -doped APb 2 X 5 (A=K,Rb ; X=Cl,Br) and Tl 3 PbX 5 (X=Cl,Br) single crystals for MIR laser and/or nonlinear optical applications have been exhaustively detailed in an impressive body of work [Amedzake et al, 2008;Atuchin et al, 2011;Bekenev et al, 2011;Condon et al, 2006b;Ferrier et al, 2006aFerrier et al, , 2006bGang et al, 2008;Isaenko et al, 2001;Nitsch et al, 1993Nitsch et al, , 1995aNitsch et al, , 1995bNitsch et al, , 2004Nitsch & Rodová 1999;Oyebola et al, 2010;Rodová et al, 1995;Roy et al, 2003;Singh et al, 2005;Tigréat et al, 2001;Velázquez et al, 2006aVelázquez et al, , 2006bVelázquez et al, , 2009Voda et al, 2004;Wang et al, 2007]. Special safety conditions for the manipulation of large amounts of TlCl or TlBr powders must be followed, but this does not entail insuperable difficulties [Peter & Viraraghavan, 2005].…”