The Qatna lion: scientific confirmation of Baltic amber in late Bronze Age Syria

Mukherjee, Abhijit; Roßberger, Elisa; James, Matthew A.; Pfälzner, Peter; Higgitt, Catherine; White, R.; Peggie, David A.; Azar, Dany; Evershed, Richard P.

doi:10.1017/s0003598x00096435

Cited by 60 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It should also be noted that the shores along Køge Bugt (the Bay of Køge, not too distant from the Ølby burial) are considered 'amber beaches' (Faber et al 2000). As a raw material, amber was traded across long distances during this period, even reaching the eastern Mediterranean and Syria (Bouzek 1993, de Navarro 1925, Czebreszuk 2009, Sprincz and Beck 1981, Krause 2003, Beck 2000, Mukherjee et al 2008, Czebreszuk 2013, and seems to have had ties to the northward-bound glass trade (Bellintani 2014, Purowski et al 2016. Both glass and amber represent materials of-ten associated with status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ølby Woman:

Reiter

Frei

Nørgaard

et al. 2019

DJA

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The Early Nordic Bronze Age oak coffin burials include some of Europe’s best preserved human remains. Although traditional typological examinations thereof have not always found clear foreign references, recent provenance investigations from Egtved and Skrydstrup suggest that the two women were of non-local provenance. In order to investigate potential mobility patterns and how these might or might not be related to the archaeological evidence, we conducted comprehensive multi-analytical investigations on the Ølby Woman, another key female oak coffin burial. Her grave included large metal items, the remains of a corded skirt and a glass bead recently identified as of Egyptian origin. Strontium isotope analyses of the dental enamel of Ølby’s first, second and third molars investigate her provenance and potential mobility through childhood. Furthermore, we conducted lead isotope analyses and craft technical analyses of her belt plate and sword/dagger. Our results reveal that the Ølby female’s strontium isotope signatures fall within the local baseline, suggesting that she was of local origin. The metal provenance studies and craft technical studies of the belt plate and sword suggest that the objects were manufactured in Scandinavia, while the raw materials for each item were imported from different places in Europe.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ølby Woman:

Reiter

Frei

Nørgaard

et al. 2019

DJA

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“…2008) and other techniques (Angelini and Bellintani 2005; Peñalver et al . 2007; Mukherjee et al . 2008; Teodor et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinguishing Amber and Copal Classes by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

et al. 2011

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Fossilized resin, or amber, has been examined from 120 worldwide sources by 1D and 2D proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in solution. These spectra fall into five categories, corresponding to the classes already established by mass spectrometry and carbon-13 magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The wide availability of this technique provides a straightforward method to classify amber rapidly and inexpensively.

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“…Another important source of information about Bronze Age long-distance trade is the fourteenth-century BCE archive of Amarna, Egypt, whose tablets, written in Akkadian, cast light on an intricate gift-exchange network involving Egypt, the Aegean, the Levant and Mesopotamia, where precious metals and various objects bestowed with high value were exchanged (Cochavi-Rainey and Lilyquist 1999). Another product traded across long distances was amber, which was sourced in the Baltic area and reached the Levant through the Aegean, as witnessed by small amber objects found at Thebes in Tutankhamun's tomb and in the Royal Tomb of Qatna (Syria) in the fourteenth century BCE (Mukherjee, Roßberger, James et al 2008). On the other hand, from what is observable so far, amber does not appear to reach areas east of the Levant, that is, Mesopotamia and Central Asia.…”

Section: Long-distance Trade In the Pre-aoementioning

confidence: 99%

Revolutionizing a World

2015

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The Qatna lion: scientific confirmation of Baltic amber in late Bronze Age Syria

Cited by 60 publications

References 17 publications

Ølby Woman:

Ølby Woman:

Distinguishing Amber and Copal Classes by Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Revolutionizing a World

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