The quantitative dietary protein requirements of Penaeus monodon juveniles in a controlled environment

Effect of Diet and Stocking Densities on Life History Traits of Clea helena (Philippi 1847) Reared in Captivity

“…That comes in line with the knowledge that this species is a very effective and non-specific snail predator, which results in a naturally diverse and enriched protein food intake. This is also consistent with reports for other invertebrate species [6], that diets which contain a mixture of two or more proteins are better utilized by the animals. We hypothesize that during the feeding experiments using a combination diet, the energy consumed by the snails while preying could easily be compensated by the dry food simultaneously available.…”

Bioactive factors in microbial biomass have the capacity to offset reductions in the level of protein in the diet of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon

“…However, it can be implied if a constant protein content of the shrimp is assumed and feed intake data is presented (or able to be calculated from growth and FCR data). In such cases, then it can also be realised that in most instances there is an increase in protein retention efficiency occurring with increasing protein levels (to the point of maximal weight gain) and also in some studies with the use of microbial biomass (Bages and Sloane, 1981;Alava and Lim, 1983;Kuhn et al, 2009;Anand et al, 2014).…”

“…Although when assessed using regression it could be argued that the growth continues to improve with increasing protein. In earlier studies it was identified with ~0.5 to 1g shrimp that an optimal protein requirement was between 435 and 489 g/kg DM (Alava and Lim, 1983;Bautista 1986). …”

“…Growth in this experiment was observed to be strongly influenced by protein level of the diet but was largely unaffected by the starch content, with the best growth by those shrimp fed the highest protein level (550 g/kg). Subsequent to this Alava and Lim (1983) followed this work with a study that suggested that optimal protein requirements for juvenile (1.32 g initial weight) P.…”

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“…Much attention has been paid in recent years to find out various sources of readily available economical protein ingredients to keep the feed formulation easier and cost effective (Alava and Lim, 1983, Rajyalakshmi et al, 1986, Sudaryano et al, 1995. Formulation of a balanced feed containing low cost protein ingredients can bring the cost of supplementary feed for shrimp to a great extent.…”