The quantity of vaginal fluid

Stone, Abraham; Gamble, Clarence J.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(59)90173-5

Cited by 30 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Studies were run at 150 rpm, 37 °C with 80 mL VSF for the basket apparatus and 5 mL VSF for the shaking incubator. Dissolution studies with 5 mL VSF were designed to better mimic the vaginal environment, as the average volume of vaginal fluid obtained from healthy donors has been shown to vary in the range of 0.5–8 mL/day [ 32 , 33 , 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Firmness Perception Influences Women’s Preferences for Vaginal Suppositories

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Microbicides are being actively researched and developed as woman-initiated means to prevent HIV transmission during unprotected coitus. Along with safety and efficacy, assessing and improving compliance is a major area of research in microbicide development. We have developed carrageenan-based semisoft vaginal suppositories and have previously evaluated how physical properties such as firmness, size and shape influence women’s willingness to try them. Firmness has previously been quantified in terms of small-strain storage modulus, G’, however large-strain properties of the gels may also play a role in the firmness perception. In the current study we prepared two sets of suppositories with the same G’ but different elongation properties at four different G’ values (250, 2500, 12,500, 25,000 Pa): For convenience we refer to these as “brittle” and “elastic”, although these terms were never provided to study participants. In the first of two tests conducted to assess preference, women compared pairs of brittle and elastic suppositories and indicated their preference. We observed an interaction, as women preferred brittle suppositories at lower G’ (250, 2500 Pa) and elastic ones at a higher G’ (25,000 Pa). In the second test, women evaluated samples across different G’, rated the ease-of-insertion and willingness-to-try and ranked the samples in order of preference. Brittle suppositories at G’ of 12,500 Pa were most preferred. In vitro studies were also conducted to measure the softening of the suppositories in contact with vaginal simulant fluid (VSF). Release of antiretroviral drug tenofovir in VSF was quantified for the brittle and elastic suppositories at G’ of 12,500 Pa to determine the effect of suppository type on release. The initial rate of release was 20% slower with elastic suppositories as compared to brittle suppositories. Understanding how different physical properties simultaneously affect women’s preferences and pharmacological efficacy in terms of drug release is required for the optimization of highly acceptable and efficacious microbicides.

show abstract

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Firmness Perception Influences Women’s Preferences for Vaginal Suppositories

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…physiological saline corresponding to the mean volume of vaginal secretion (Stone and Gamble, 1959). One foam ovule Patentex@ oval containing 75 mg of nonoxinol-9 was added to this suspension and incubated at 37" C for 10 minutes to give a final concentration of 1.25% nonoxinol-9.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure of Human Spermatozoa in the Presence of the Spermicide Nonoxinol-9 and a Vaginal Contraceptive Containing Nonoxinol-9

Schill

Wolff

2009

Andrologia

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several studies have looked at the volume of vaginal fluid, providing useful estimates for pharmaceutical testing. Stone and Gambles' study of 113 healthy women, found a mean quantity of 0.76 g of fluid present [25]. The total vaginal fluid volume has been measured in 38 HIV-1 infected woman by Mitchell et al [26], and had a median value of 0.51 mL.…”

Section: The Composition and Volume Of Vaginal Fluidmentioning

confidence: 94%

Polymeric gels for intravaginal drug delivery

Cook

Brown

2018

Journal of Controlled Release

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Intravaginal drug delivery can elicit a local effect, or deliver drugs systemically without hepatic first pass metabolism. There are a number of emerging areas in intravaginal drug delivery, but the vagina is a challenging route of administration, due to the clearance mechanisms present which result in poor retention of dosage forms, and the potential for irritation and other adverse reactions. Gel formulations are desirable due to the ease of application, spreading and that they cause little to no discomfort to the patient. However, these dosage forms, in particular, are poorly retained and traditional gels typically have little control over drug release rates. This has led to a large number of studies on improving the retention of vaginal gels and modulating the controlled release of drugs from the gel matrix. This review outlines the anatomy and physiology of the vagina, focussing on areas relevant to drug delivery. Medical applications of vaginally administered medicines is then discussed, followed by an overview of polymeric gels in intravaginal drug delivery. The sensorial properties of intravaginal gels, and how these relate to user compliance are also summarised. Finally, some important barriers to marketing approval are described.

show abstract

The quantity of vaginal fluid

Cited by 30 publications

References 1 publication

Firmness Perception Influences Women’s Preferences for Vaginal Suppositories

Firmness Perception Influences Women’s Preferences for Vaginal Suppositories

Ultrastructure of Human Spermatozoa in the Presence of the Spermicide Nonoxinol-9 and a Vaginal Contraceptive Containing Nonoxinol-9

Polymeric gels for intravaginal drug delivery

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About