“…For example, Ackerman (1997) proposed that for gifted adolescents, Dabrowski's (1964Dabrowski's ( , 1972 overexcitabilities, particularly psychomotor, emotional, and intellectual overexcitabilities, need to be considered in the identification process, and there have been some attempts to do this (e.g., Ackerman;Gallagher, 1986;Miller, Silverman, & Falk, 1994;Piechowski & Colangelo, 1984;Piechowski & Cunningham, 1985;Piechowski & Miller, 1994;Piechowski, Silverman, & Falk, 1985). Stinespring (1991) and others (Slocumb & Payne, 2000) also assert that using culture-specific tests based on unique characteristics of each ethnicity can improve identification methods and reduce "test bias," which results in over-or underrepresentation of certain ethnic groups in gifted programs. For example, for African American students, "tactuality" characterized as emotional intensity (e.g., use of feeling, intense emotional responses), flexibility and open-endedness, holistic perception (e.g., perceiving things through the whole picture), and tactile sensitivity (e.g., preference for hands-on physical activities) should be included in identifying the artistic talents of African American students (Stinespring).…”