The “quiet eye” and motor performance: Task demands matter!

Klostermann, André; Kredel, Ralf; Hossner, Ernst-Joachim

doi:10.1037/a0031499

Cited by 56 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In addition, the results corroborates earlier findings on the relation between task demands and foveal information processing hypothesizing that longer intervals for visual information processing are required as a function of fine-tuning demands over movement planning and execution (e.g. Klostermann, Kredel, & Hossner, 2013). In sum, this study underlines the functional adaptability of the visuo-motor system to changing demands in highly dynamic situations.…”

supporting

confidence: 80%

Gaze Strategies in Skateboard Trick Jumps: Spatiotemporal Constraints in Complex Locomotion

Klostermann

Küng

2016

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

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Introduction:In the context of sports, only a few studies were conducted in which the functional role of visual information processing during locomotor behavior were investigated. In this regard, Vickers (2006) observed a look-ahead strategy in expert ice-skaters who regularly anchor their gaze at the inside line and the tangent point of the ice oval. However, the particular requirement that has been previously sketched with respect to walking (e.g. Patla & Vickers, 1997) and that also is characteristic for sports has not been investigated so far, namely the spatial-temporal adaptation of the locomotor behavior to overcoming obstacles. Therefore, this study aimed to further the knowledge on gaze behavior in locomotion by studying gaze strategies in skateboard jumps of different difficulty that had to be performed either with or without an obstacle. Methods:Nine experienced skateboarders performed "Ollie" and "Kickflip" jumps over either an obstacle or over plane surface. The skateboarders' gaze behavior over two movement phases ("approach" and "jump") were recorded with a mobile binocular eye-tracking system that was attached to custombuild swim goggles to minimize camera shifts. As dependent variables, the stable gaze at five different areas of interest was calculated regarding its relative duration as well as its temporal order. Separately for the approach and jump phase, the relative gaze duration was subjected to repeated measures ANOVAs as well as planned t-tests. Results:Over the approach phase, an interaction between area of interest and obstacle condition was found with longer stable-gaze locations at the take-off area in attempts with an obstacle. In contrast, in attempts over plane surface longer stable gaze locations at the skateboard were revealed. Regarding the trick-difficulty factor, the skateboarders showed longer stable gaze locations at the skateboard for the "Kickflip" than for the "Ollie" in the no-obstacle condition only. Finally, over the jump phase, neither obstacle condition nor trick difficulty affected gaze behavior differentially. Discussion: These findings imply that the skateboarders apply two different strategies when preparing the jump movement. In the case of an obstacle, the exact timing of the take-off needs to be planned to avoid a collision such that it is crucial to continuously update information about the distance to this point. In contrast, in the case of a plane surface, the skateboarders were only instructed to perform the jump within a certain jump zone such that motor planning could be predominantly directed to the mere execution of the jump which is reflected in the preferred stable-gaze location at the feet on the skateboard. In addition, the results corroborates earlier findings on the relation between task demands and foveal information processing hypothesizing that longer intervals for visual information processing are required as a function of fine-tuning demands over movement planning and execution (e.g. Klostermann, Kredel, & Hossner, 2013). In sum, this study ...

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supporting

confidence: 80%

Gaze Strategies in Skateboard Trick Jumps: Spatiotemporal Constraints in Complex Locomotion

Klostermann

Küng

2016

Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport

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“…Several noteworthy attempts have been made to experimentally examine the response programming function of the QE by manipulating task difficulty in billiards shooting (Williams et al 2002) and in ball (Klostermann et al 2013) and dart (Horn et al 2012) throwing tasks. In each case, longer QE durations were found when tasks place greater demands on response programming.…”

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confidence: 99%

Examining the response programming function of the Quiet Eye: Do tougher shots need a quieter eye?

et al. 2017

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Support for the proposition that the Quiet Eye (QE) duration reflects a period of response programming (including task parameterisation) has come from research showing that an increase in task difficulty is associated with increases in QE duration. Here, we build on previous research by manipulating three elements of task difficulty that correspond with different parameters of golf-putting performance; force production, impact quality and target line. Longer QE durations were found for more complex iterations of the task and furthermore, more sensitive analyses of the QE duration suggest that the early QE proportion (prior to movement initiation) is closely related to force production and impact quality. However, these increases in QE do not seem functional in terms of supporting improved performance. Further research is needed to explore QE’s relationship with performance under conditions of increased difficulty.

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“…Explaining this phenomenon it has been assumed that the QE supports information processing underpinned by studies showing that its efficiency depends on processing demands of the task to be solved (e.g., Klostermann et al, 2013). However, the question remains whether the suggested mechanism also holds for processes referring to stimulus identification, in particular, for visual information processing.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The quiet eye without a target: The primacy of visual information processing.

Klostermann¹,

Kredel²,

Hossner³

2014

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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A gaze strategy which repeatedly has been found to be related to superior motor performance is the socalled Quiet Eye (QE) which is defined as the final fixation on a specific object before the unfolding of movement execution (Vickers, 2007). Explaining this phenomenon it has been assumed that the QE supports information processing underpinned by studies showing that its efficiency depends on processing demands of the task to be solved (e.g., Klostermann et al., 2013). However, the question remains whether the suggested mechanism also holds for processes referring to stimulus identification, in particular, for visual information processing. Consequently, in the study at hand visual processing demands were manipulated by comparing full visibility vs. no visibility conditions within two conditions of differing QE durations. Performance enhancing effects of long QE duration were expected to be revealed as a function of increased information processing duration only. 20 participants attended on two days with a training session on the first (10 blocks of 16 trials) and a test session on the second day (4 blocks of 16 trials). The goal was to throw balls as accurately as possible at a virtual target disk. Performance data were measured with a VICON-T20 system (200 Hz) and gaze behaviour was recorded with an integrated mobile eye tracker (EyeSeeCam, 220 Hz). The participants' QE was manipulated by controlling the movement phases using audio tones and the fixation onset which was evoked either earlier or later in time relative to movement unfolding by a flicker cue. Additionally, manipulating visual processing demands, within the differing QE periods the target disk was presented either immediately or delayed at the position of the flicker cue (see Figure 1). As variables, the averages of QE onset and offset as well as radial error were calculated and analysed with a 2 (fixation onset) x 2 (target onset) ANOVA with repeated measures and planned paired-samples t-tests. MethodResults QE onset and offset (M and S.E., in ms)

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The “quiet eye” and motor performance: Task demands matter!

Cited by 56 publications

References 23 publications

Gaze Strategies in Skateboard Trick Jumps: Spatiotemporal Constraints in Complex Locomotion

Gaze Strategies in Skateboard Trick Jumps: Spatiotemporal Constraints in Complex Locomotion

Examining the response programming function of the Quiet Eye: Do tougher shots need a quieter eye?

The quiet eye without a target: The primacy of visual information processing.

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