The quiet eye effect: A test of the visual and postural-kinematic hypotheses.

Gallicchio, Germano; Ring, Christopher

doi:10.1037/spy0000162

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…The value of QE is not necessarily a net reduction of fluctuations but rather a way to train athletes to orient their movements towards the optic flow generated by postural sway. Whereas the postural-kinematic hypothesis had previously only referred to longer movement duration [22], we now report that movements are not merely slower but evince a sort of nonlinearity constricting the degrees of freedom across scales of the movement-system hierarchy. In one of the subsections below, we discuss how this orienting towards optic flow might coordinate with mechanisms invoked by the more elaborate visual hypothesis (e.g., [61,62]).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

“…Research on QE has mostly examined the visual-cognitive bases for the relatively more extraverted gaze into the task context (Panchuk & Vickers, 2006; Rienhoff et al, 2016; Vickers, 2011), and the relationship of QE to the body, the brain, and the nervous system has received relatively less attention (Davids & Araújo, 2016; Renshaw et al, 2019; Shine et al, 2018). To fill this gap, a ‘postural-kinematic hypothesis’ has begun to complement the canonical ‘visual hypothesis’ that QE was a primarily visual-cognitive mechanism (Gallicchio & Ring, 2020). So far, this postural-kinematic hypothesis emphasizes only slower movement times, that is, longer duration offering the foundation for longer fixations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifractality in postural sway supports quiet eye training in aiming tasks: A study of golf putting

Jacobson¹,

Berleman-Paul²,

Mangalam

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The 'quiet eye' (QE) approach to visually-guided aiming behavior invests fully in perceptual information's potential to organize coordinated action. Sports psychologists refer to QE as the stillness of the eyes during aiming tasks and increasingly into self- and externally-paced tasks. Amidst the 'noisy' fluctuations of the athlete's body, quiet eyes might leave fewer saccadic interruptions to the coupling between postural sway and optic flow. Multifractality in postural sway is a robust predictor of both visual and haptic perceptual responses. Postural sway generates optic flow centered on an individual's eye height. So, we manipulated the eye height part way through a golf-putting task for participants trained in QE or trained technically as per conventional golf putting. We predicted that perturbing the eye height by attaching wooden blocks below the feet would perturb the putting more so in QE-trained participants than in those trained technically. We also predicted that responses to this perturbation would depend on multifractality in postural sway. Specifically, we predicted that less multifractality would predict more adaptive responses to the perturbation and higher putting accuracy. Results supported both predictions. QE training and lower multifractality led to more frequent successful putts, and the perturbation of eye height led to less frequent successful putts, particularly for QE-trained participants. Models of radial error (i.e., the distance between the ball's final position and the hole) indicated that lower estimates of multifractality due to nonlinearity coincided with a more adaptive response to the perturbation. These results challenge the past suggestions that reduced multifractality might be a signature of diseased posture. Instead, they suggest that reduced multifractality may act in a context-sensitive manner to restrain motoric degrees of freedom to achieve the task goal.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifractality in postural sway supports quiet eye training in aiming tasks: A study of golf putting

Jacobson¹,

Berleman-Paul²,

Mangalam

et al. 2020

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This might be a technical limitation of QE training. Although a recent study suggested that electrooculogram recording could evaluate QE as a replacement for an eye-tracker system (Mann et al, 2011;Gonzalez et al, 2017a;Gallicchio et al, 2018;Gallicchio and Ring, 2019), this still requires equipment for psychophysiological recordings. Therefore, it could be beneficial if a reliable method that guarantees prolongation of QE without any special equipment is established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Viewing Cute Pictures on Quiet Eye Duration and Fine Motor Task Performance

2020

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We investigated if viewing cute pictures could improve fine motor skills and prolong quiet eye (QE) duration. QE is a gaze phenomenon, and its duration (i.e., the period between fixation onset preceding a critical movement and fixation offset) is thought to represent attention control. As it has been reported that QE duration is longer for expert athletes than for novice athletes in various sports and becomes shorter even for experts who choke under pressure during games, resulting in performance deterioration, QE prolongation is important to prevent choking under pressure. Separately, several studies have confirmed that viewing cute pictures can induce focal attention, thus improving performance in fine motor tasks. We hypothesized that viewing cute pictures may modulate attention control and prolong QE duration. We also tested if the beneficial effects of viewing cute pictures could be obtained in a high-pressure situation in which participant performance was evaluated by an experimenter. We used a fine-motor task requiring participants to use a pair of tweezers to remove 12 small pieces from holes in a game board. We randomly assigned participants to either the baby-animal pictures group or the adult-animal pictures group, based on pictures viewed prior to the task. Participants executed the task in a pre-test, post-test, and pressure test. In both the post-test and the pressure test, participants viewed seven photographs of either baby animals or adult animals before execution of the task. In accordance with previous research, task precision increased after viewing pictures of baby animals in both the post-test and pressure test. Furthermore, QE duration was also prolonged after viewing cute pictures in the post-test, but not in the pressure test. Neither performance improvement nor QE prolongation was found after viewing pictures of adult animals. These results suggested that simply viewing cute pictures could prolong QE duration without pressure and might provide a beneficial effect on performance, even in a high-pressure situation.

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“…QE fixations within 3 degrees of visual angle of the ball equate to ∼8 cm either side of the ball for an average height adult; a sizable variation in location. The precision of current mobile eye tracking technology has also been a barrier to investigating the relative functional role of the specificity of the location and whether a ‘quieter eye’ that remains within one degree is better than a fixation within three degrees (Gallicchio et al, 2017; Gallicchio & Ring, 2019).…”

Section: Experiments 1: Locationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical analysis of the functional parameters of the quiet eye using immersive virtual reality.

Harris¹,

Wilson²,

Vine³

2021

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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Directing ocular fixations toward a target assists the planning and control of visually guided actions. In far aiming tasks, the quiet eye, an instance of premovement gaze anchoring, has been extensively studied as a key performance variable. However, theories of quiet eye are yet to establish the exact functional role of the location and duration of the fixation. The present work used immersive virtual reality to manipulate key parameters of the quiet eye—location (Experiment 1) and duration (Experiment 2)–to test competing theoretical predictions about their importance. Across two preregistered experiments, novice participants (n = 127) completed a series of golf putts while their eye movements, putting accuracy, and putting kinematics were recorded. In Experiment 1, participants’ premovement fixation was cued to locations on the ball, near the ball, and far from the ball. In Experiment 2, long and short quiet eye durations were induced using auditory tones as cues to movement phases. Linear mixed effects models indicated that manipulations of location and duration had little effect on performance or movement kinematics. The findings suggest that, for novices, the spatial and temporal parameters of the final fixation may not be critical for movement preprogramming and may instead reflect attentional control or movement inhibition functions.

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The quiet eye effect: A test of the visual and postural-kinematic hypotheses.

Cited by 14 publications

References 50 publications

Multifractality in postural sway supports quiet eye training in aiming tasks: A study of golf putting

Multifractality in postural sway supports quiet eye training in aiming tasks: A study of golf putting

Effects of Viewing Cute Pictures on Quiet Eye Duration and Fine Motor Task Performance

A critical analysis of the functional parameters of the quiet eye using immersive virtual reality.

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