The raphe nuclei of the brain stem in the cat. I. Normal topography and cytoarchitecture and general discussion

Taber, Elizabeth; Brodal, Alf; Walberg, Fred

doi:10.1002/cne.901140205

Cited by 312 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…Pitts et al (1939) recorded respiratory movements spirometrically during electrical stimulation of many different regions of the medulla, including the raphe nuclei. Although the study was carried out prior to the description and naming of raphe nuclei by Taber et al (1961), regions corresponding to r. obscurus, r. pallidus and r. magnus are readily identifiable in Figs. 3 and 4 of their report.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During electrical stimulation of relatively circumscribed regions of the medullary reticular formation, powerful and sustained changes in respiration are produced (Pitts et al 1939; Anderson & Sears, 1970). Pitts and co-workers (Pitts et al 1939) demonstrated that stimulation of the mid line reticular formation of the medulla rostral to the obex, in the regions now referred to as raphe magnus and raphe obscurus (Taber, Brodal & Walberg, 1961), produced cessation of breathing, whereas stimulation of raphe pallidus increased ventilatory effort markedly. Caudal to the obex, sites of excitation and inhibition were found in close association within raphe obscurus.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Responses of phrenic motoneurones of the cat to stimulation of medullary raphe nuclei.

Lalley¹

1986

The Journal of Physiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Responses of phrenic motoneurones of the cat to stimulation of medullary raphe nuclei.

Lalley¹

1986

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Periaqueductal gray stimulation produces analgesia, inhibition of withdrawal reflexes (2), and preferential inhibition of dorsal horn neurons sensitive to noxious stimulation (12). At present, there is no evidence for a direct periaqueductal gray-spinal cord projection, but the periaqueductal gray does project to the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), a large celled, serotonin-containing component of the midline raphe nuclear groups located in the medulla just dorsal to the pyramids (13,14). Since NRM stimulation also gives rise to powerful analgesia (15) and since NRM appears to contain neurons projecting to the spinal cord (16,17), the possibility arises that the analgesia and the inhibition of spinal pain transmission cells by opiates and by periaqueductal gray stimulation are mediated via NRM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opiate and stimulus-produced analgesia: functional anatomy of a medullospinal pathway.

Basbaum¹,

Clanton²,

Fields³

1976

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

213

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Neurons in ventromedial medulla, including the nucleus raphe magnus, project to trigeminal nucleus caudalis and, via the dorsolateral funiculus, to spinal dorsal horn. The terminals of this descending system are in loci containing cells responsive to noxious stimuli. Electrical stimulation of nucleus raphe magnus selectively inhibits spinal dorsal horn neurons that respond to noxious stimuli. These neurons are located near the anatomically demonstrated terminals of this descending system. Dorsolateral funiculus lesions block this descending inhibition of spinal neurons as well as the analgesic action of morphine. This evidence supports the hypothesis that this neuron population mediates the analgesia produced by opiates and electrical stimulation of certain diencephalic and brainstem sites.Electrical stimulation of discrete medial diencephalic and brainstem sites gives rise to profound analgesia in awake, freely moving animals, including man (1-4). Analgesia can also be produced by microinjection of opiate drugs into many of these same regions (5, 6). Recently, an endogenous pentapeptide, enkephalin, with opiate-like pharmacological actions has been identified (7). The regional distribution of enkephalin (8), as well as that of opiate-binding sites (9), overlaps with the effective regions for stimulus-produced analgesia. Furthermore, naloxone, a specific opiate antagonist, counteracts stimulusproduced analgesia (4, 10). Taken together, these studies support the view that opiate and stimulus-produced analgesia are mediated by a common neural mechanism (2, 3).Both opiate and stimulus-produced analgesia appear to depend on descending connections to spinal cord (3, 11). Periaqueductal gray stimulation produces analgesia, inhibition of withdrawal reflexes (2), and preferential inhibition of dorsal horn neurons sensitive to noxious stimulation (12). At present, there is no evidence for a direct periaqueductal gray-spinal cord projection, but the periaqueductal gray does project to the nucleus raphe magnus (NRM), a large celled, serotonin-containing component of the midline raphe nuclear groups located in the medulla just dorsal to the pyramids (13,14). Since NRM stimulation also gives rise to powerful analgesia (15) and since NRM appears to contain neurons projecting to the spinal cord (16,17), the possibility arises that the analgesia and the inhibition of spinal pain transmission cells by opiates and by periaqueductal gray stimulation are mediated via NRM. Our report describes anatomical, physiological, and behavioral evidence for a descending inhibitory action of NRM on spinal and trigeminal neurons that respond to noxious stimulation. METHODSFor anatomical studies, small quantities (0.1-0.5 ,il) of tritiated amino acid (L-[4,53H] Physiological experiments were carried out to examine the effects of NRM stimulation on the response of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons to natural stimulation. Extracellular recordings of lumbosacral dorsal horn neurons were made in cats that were electrolytically decerebrated at ...

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“…The raphe nuclei are a group of structures distributed in the midline of the brainstem from the midbrain to the caudal pole of the medulla 9 . These nuclei have the highest density of serotonergic neurons in the central nervous system 10 .…”

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Raphe obscurus neurons participate in thermoregulation in rats

Ulhôa

Silva

Pires

et al. 2013

Arq. Neuro-Psiquiatr.

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The thermoregulatory mechanism constitutes a complex and integrated system. The "main controller" is the hypothalamus, which comprises many different sub-areas; it receives inputs either from temperature sensitive neurons within the hypothalamus itself to monitor core temperature or from receptors in the skin which monitor the changes in external temperature. Nevertheless, the final drive or command to the vascular smooth muscle is not controlled by the hypothalamus but by a complex neuronal circuitry that comprises brainstem and spinal cord nuclei 1 .In rats, non-evaporative heat loss occurs mainly through the tail 2 , the blood vessels vasodilate when the hypothalamic preoptic area is warmed 3 . The efferent signals for this response originate in heat-sensitive neurons, and the descending pathway passes through the medial forebrain bundle 4 . Blood flow to the rat tail is determined by the level of activity in its sympathetic postganglionic vasoconstrictor fibers 5 . These are supplied by preganglionic sympathetic neurons situated mainly in the intermediolateral cell column of the first and second lumbar segments 6,7 . ABSTRACTIn mammalian, several evidences suggest that central serotonin participates in thermoregulation. Nucleus raphe obscurus (NRO), a serotonergic nucleus, has been recognized to be the source of generation of various hemodynamic patterns in different behavioral conditions, but its involvement in thermoregulation is unclear. In the present study, extracellular action potentials of NRO neurons were recorded in anesthetized rats, which were submitted to cold and warm stimuli in the tail. The firing rate of the neurons was compared before and after each stimulation. It was found that 59% of the neurons submitted to a cold stimulus trial had a significant increase in their firing frequency, while 48% of the neurons submitted to warm stimulation trial were inhibited. The opposite responses in neuronal activity of NRO units to cooling or heating suggest that these cells are involved in producing the homoeothermic vascular adaptations secondary to changes in cutaneous temperature in the rat tail.Key words: nucleus raphe obscurus, serotonin, serotonergic neurons. RESUMOA termorregulação em mamíferos envolve a participação da serotonina. O núcleo obscuro da rafe (NRO), que é serotoninérgico, participa do controle autonômico, mas seu envolvimento na termorregulação é incerto. Neste estudo, registramos potenciais de ação extracelulares de neurônios do NRO em ratos anestesiados nos quais a cauda foi submetida a estímulos de calor ou frio. A frequência de disparo dos neurônios foi comparada antes e depois dos estímulos. O grupo controle não apresentou modificação da frequência de disparo, enquanto que 59% dos neurônios registrados em animais submetidos a estímulo de frio tiveram sua frequência aumentada. Por outro lado, 48% dos animais submetidos a estímulo de calor tiveram sua frequência de disparo diminuída. As respostas opostas da frequência de disparo em neurônios de animais submetidos à estimulação...

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The raphe nuclei of the brain stem in the cat. I. Normal topography and cytoarchitecture and general discussion

Cited by 312 publications

References 18 publications

Responses of phrenic motoneurones of the cat to stimulation of medullary raphe nuclei.

Responses of phrenic motoneurones of the cat to stimulation of medullary raphe nuclei.

Opiate and stimulus-produced analgesia: functional anatomy of a medullospinal pathway.

Raphe obscurus neurons participate in thermoregulation in rats

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