The rare anatomical variant of upper lobe

Abstract

Background Primary disease in thorax associated with an azygos lobe is extremely rare. It is usually identified incidentally on chest X-ray or CT during health checkups with an incidence of up to 0.2%. This is the first study involving 46 of patients found with azygos lobe in surgery of English literature from January 1931 to July 2020. Methods PubMed, EMBASE and the Web of Science databases were searched for full-text literatures met out inclusion criteria. We summarized the clinical data, radiological manifestation, accompanying disease and treatment strategy of all patients. Results 18 eligible studies involving 46 patients were selected for this research. The mean age was 36.5 years old. There were 26 male patients and 20 female patients and the male to female ratio nearly to 1.3:1. There were many different primary diseases with azygos lobe including lung cancer (n = 8), spontaneous pneumothorax (n = 5), esophageal cancer (n = 1), pulmonary sequestration (n = 1), esophageal atresia (n = 2), hyperhidrosis (n = 29). The azygos lobe (azygos lobe in Figs. 1 and 2) is an uncommon anomaly that is found in 1% of anatomic specimens, on about 0.4% of chest radiographs and 1.2% of high resolution CT. The azygos lobe is a developmental anomaly but not a true accessory lobe. Azygos lobe of all patients was diagnosed during the operation. Conclusions Azygos lobe occurs in 0.2% of the population and can make clinical diagnosis difficult. The detection of this anomaly and clarification of its precise anatomical features are important to alert the surgeon to potential problems during surgery.

Catalytical Synthesis and In Situ Doping of Sodium Aluminum Hydride from Elements

“…Due to the high cost of lithium and the low synthesis efficiency of reaction , sodium aluminum hydride (NaAlH 4 ) with similar reducing properties as LiAlH 4 was recognized as a cost-effective substitute for LiAlH 4 . However, the reaction kinetics and yield are insufficient when NaH replaces LiH in the reaction with AlCl 3 in THF for the synthesis of NaAlH 4 because of the low solubility of the NaCl microcrystals in THF as byproduct 4 NaH + AlCl 3 → NaAlH 4 + 3 NaCl …”

“…However, Shen et al successfully synthesized NaAlH 4 through reaction at room temperature, using freshly synthesized NaH, suggesting that the reactivity of NaH is crucial . The yields can be improved by substituting AlCl 3 with the costly AlBr 3 . 4 NaH + AlBr 3 → NaAlH 4 + 4 NaBr …”