The rate of water entry into dry sand and calculation of the advancing contact angle

Abstract

For water entry into a vertical column of dry sand, the height of capillary rise, h, is defined for the present purposes as the maximum height of capillary rise in the sand, below which the moisture content is uniform. Previous experimental results on water entry into dry sand have been reviewed to show the validity and usefulness of this definition. The rise of the wetting front into a vertical column of sand was measured, the rate of rise of the wetting front was plotted against the reciprocal of the height of rise, and 1/h was found by extrapolating the line to zero rate of rise. For water-repellent sand a positive hydrostatic head was applied to the base of the sand to obtain an adequate number of points for the extrapolation. This pressure was adjusted so that the initial rate of advance of water into the sand was about equal to that of water into the ignited sand with no positive applied pressure. The advancing contact angle averaged over the wetted surface area of the sand was then calculated from the ratio of the values of h obtained with sand before and after ignition. The contact angle of a water-repellent sand has been shown to be higher than 90�. This explains the difficulty experienced in the field of wetting these sands. Two remedial measures are suggested: one is to cultivate and mix the soil to give a uniform average contact angle, the other is to cut slots so that a positive hydrostatic pressure can be applied to the deeper patches of high contact angle sand.

Extraction and characterization of water–repellent materials from Australian soils

“…The capillary rise technique proposed by Emerson & Bond (1963) was also employed to measure water-repellency of some soils.…”

Comparison of methods for measuring severity of water repellence of sandy soils and assessment of some factors that affect its measurement

“…An index frequently used is the angle of contact which a water drop makes with the soil surface. This can be measured directly by photographing water drops in the soil surface (Bond 1968) or can be estimated by a capillary rise method (Emerson and Bond 1963), or from the rates of water and heptane entry into horizontal columns of soil (Bahrani et al 1973). The infiltration rate of water into soil from a ring infiltrometer (Bond 1968) has also been used to measure repellence in the field.…”

“…In the experiments reported in this paper it was postulated that modifications of the aqueous ethanol and water droplet tests, and an infiltrometer technique predict the soil-water contact angles measured by the method of Emerson and Bond (1963). Preliminary field experience with these techniques showed that soil abrasion (sieving and pouring), soil temperature and moisture content can affect the tests so the influence of these factors on the measurements of repellence were assessed.…”

Flow behavior of industrial effluents in soils with different textures

“…The advancing contact angle can be obtained by the dynamic rise method of Emerson and Bond (1963). Therefore, from the experimental data of short capillary rise, it is possible to estimate the pore geometrical properties of the soil and flow behavior of the effluents.…”