“…Comparing with conventional C1 sources, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and phosgene, the stable electronic structure in CO 2 and the thermodynamic stability of CO (bond enthalpy 805 kJ/mol) in CO 2 result in a lower reactivity, which calls for a high driving force to ensure its efficient transformation. In the last few decades, although many catalysts have been fabricated for CO 2 catalytic chemical conversion – and various chemicals have been produced with CO 2 as a carbon source, such as carbon monoxide (CO), , methane (CH 4 ), , formaldehyde (HCHO), – formic acid (HCOOH), , methanol (CH 3 OH), – ethanol (C 2 H 5 OH), – and other hydrocarbons, – the efficient conversion of CO 2 into high value-added chemicals under mild conditions is still of significant challenge …”