“…In Australia, Indigenous peoples engage in ILSM with multiple stakeholders (governments, scientists, producer groups, conservationists, philanthropists and others) through a range of mechanisms: formal government-supported natural resource management (NRM) projects (Roughley and Williams 2007); Indigenous and co-managed protected areas (Muller 2003;Ross et al 2009); endangered species initiatives (Nursey-Bray 2009); water planning processes (Jackson and Altman 2009;Hemming et al 2019;Jackson and Moggridge 2019;Jackson and Nias 2019;Moggridge, Betterridge, and Thompson 2019;Mooney and Cullen 2019;Poelina, Taylor, and Perdrisat 2019;Williams, Connolly, and Williams 2019); and the pursuit of cultural objectives conventionally undertaken in the absence of non-Indigenous actors (La Fontaine 2006). ILSM was first identified as an important area for investment by governments in the mid-1980s because it provided motivation for Indigenous peoples, and offered opportunities for work that extended into remote regions, where formal labour markets were often poorly developed or non-existent (Miller 1985;Rowse 2002;Johnston et al 2007).…”