The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate

Power, Tim

doi:10.5743/cairo/9789774165443.001.0001

Cited by 89 publications

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“…While there is still no focused study of enslavement during the conquest period, prosopographical studies indicate that the practice of slave concubinage in Arabia peaked in the mid-eighth century, almost certainly due to the conquests (M. Robinson, 2020;Urban, 2020). By the eighth century, slave trades had emerged on the frontiers of the Islamicate world, particularly across the Sahara (Savage, 1992) and the Red Sea (Power, 2012). Additionally, studies of early Islamic law indicate that the conquests pushed jurists to articulate new regulations around slavery and freedom (Brockopp, 2000;Crone, 1987;Mitter, 2001;Schneider, 2007).…”

Section: Early Islamicate Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This relatively egalitarian and pro-manumission attitude of Islamic religious texts has sometimes led apologists to claim that slavery in Islamicate history was mostly benign (see Toledano, 1998Toledano, , 2007 on these claims). Many scholars have now challenged this sanitized version of Islamicate slavery by focusing on the dislocation and violence of the slave trade across the Sahara (Lovejoy, 2012;Wright, 2007), the Red Sea (Perry, 2021;Power, 2012), and the Black Sea (Barker, 2019(Barker, , 2021Roşu, 2021). Kecia Ali also reminds us that a pro-manumission stance can actually extend slavery-if manumission is considered a commendable and pious act, then there must exist a constantly replenished supply of slaves to manumit (Ali, 2010).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Race, gender and slavery in early Islamicate history

Urban

2022

History Compass

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Slavery was practiced in parts of the Islamicate world from the 7th through 21st centuries. Until the late 20th century, many authors claimed that Islamicate slavery was relatively benign and free from racism. However, recent scholarship has found evidence of race‐thinking in Islamicate history—particularly anti‐Black racism and an association between Blackness and enslavement—tracing back at least to the ninth‐century CE. Scholars still contest what racial categories or forms of race‐thinking existed in the first centuries of Islamicate history. The Quran is free from overt race‐thinking, but the Islamic conquests of the seventh and eighth centuries seem to have precipitated the articulation of new racialized categories and the application of old ones from the Biblical and Greek traditions. Considerations of gender further complicate the picture, as most of those enslaved in early Islamicate history were women, and many enslaved concubines bore children for their enslavers. The identity of these children was contested in the seventh century, but they seem to have defined themselves as full Arabs by the mid‐eighth century. Ultimately, the intersection of race, gender, and slavery in early Islamicate history is not a linear narrative, but a complex story of negotiation and contestation.

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Section: Early Islamicate Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Race, gender and slavery in early Islamicate history

Urban

2022

History Compass

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“…The Yemeni rulers are said to have not only controlled the East African trade (e.g., in ivory) with the Mediterranean world, but possessed 'sovereignty' over this far-flung place two thousand kilometers south of Yemen. 87 However, it is hitherto unknown what exactly is meant by the term translated into English as 'sovereignty'; it is unknown, for example, whether it entailed rights to tax and obligations to defend the territory.…”

Section: The Indian Ocean Connection: Trade and Rule In East Africamentioning

confidence: 99%

African International Legal Histories – International Law in Africa: Perspectives and Possibilities

Zollmann¹

2018

Leiden Journal of International Law

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Hitherto, the ‘African part’ of the history of international law has often been limited to the (critical engagement with) ‘the acquisition of Africa’ since the 1880s and questions of ‘state succession’ and international borders following independence starting in the 1950s. In this historical narrative, the dominance of colonialism is evident. It seems that ‘Africa’ as a narrative concept in international legal history remains tied to abstract contrasts such as ‘foreign domination’ versus ‘independence’, or ‘exploitation’ versus ‘development’. However, if twenty-first century writings about ‘international law in Africa’ and its histories remain shaped by this perspective, historians may lose sight of issues, questions, or ideas formed in historical Africa that do not fit into this preconceived dichotomous matrix. After discussing methodological challenges, this article asks for other ‘contacts’, other arenas of ‘internationality’ and international law in Africa’s pre-colonial past. These contacts reach back very far in history. Three arenas are mentioned: the Red Sea area and Ethiopian-Arab relations; the Indian Ocean rim; and finally, the case of nineteenth-century Ethiopia.

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“…287 Power (2013) 19-20. Phillipson (1994 discusses the change in monumental architecture, especially the funerary stelae which characterised pagan Aksum.…”

Section: Fig 42 Map Showing the Contested Borders In The Eritrean Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…554 Whitehouse (1973) 39. 555 Power (2013) 556 Bagnall (1993) 68-77, 310-14. 557 Tomber (2009) 43-44 demonstrates, for example, the enormous advantage in provenancing ceramics from Red Sea port sites of having well understood fine and coarse ware typologies for Roman pottery, which can be traced narrowly to regions within the Empire.…”

Section: 3a Archaeology and The Persian Gulfmentioning

confidence: 99%

Documentary and Literary News on Clysma

Gascou¹

2018

The Eastern Desert of Egypt During the Greco-Roman Period: Archaeological Reports

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The Red Sea from Byzantium to the Caliphate

Cited by 89 publications

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Race, gender and slavery in early Islamicate history

Race, gender and slavery in early Islamicate history

African International Legal Histories – International Law in Africa: Perspectives and Possibilities

Documentary and Literary News on Clysma

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