“…Though results vary by country and approach taken, a wealth of studies find evidence consistent with the idea that immigrant diversity augments worker and firm productivity (Ottaviano and Peri 2006;Nathan 2011Nathan , 2015Kemeny 2012;Bakens, Mulder, and Nijkamp 2013;Bellini et al 2013;Longhi 2013;Lee 2014;Suedekum, Wolf, and Blien 2014;Alesina, Harnoss, and Rapoport 2016). Recent contributions have sought to address bias from confounding factors, including nonrandom worker selectivity or sorting (Bakens, Mulder, and Nijkamp 2013;Kemeny and Cooke 2015;Trax, Brunow, and Suedekum 2015;Elias and Paradies 2016). In the case of Trax, Brunow, and Suedekum (2015) for Germany, and Kemeny and Cooke (2015) for the United States, the positive association between urban immigrant diversity and productivity remains after accounting for sorting behavior, diversity in the workplace, and other sources of heterogeneity at the individual, workplace, and city scales.…”