The Regulation of Heavy Fuel Oil in Arctic Shipping: Interests, Measures, and Impacts

Jing-feng, Bai; Chircop, Aldo

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-44975-9_14

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…From the perspective of P&I insurance, Arctic shipping poses several problems with respect to crew, pollution incidents, and wreck removal. Given the Arctic's fragile nature, the greatest threat posed to the Arctic environment is oil spillage, 34 either because of bunker oil (i.e. which can be any type of fuel oil used by a ship) or oil carried as cargo.…”

Section: Inherent Risks Associated With Arctic Shippingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warming up to Arctic shipping: Unique risk management challenges for marine insurers

Rebelo,

Uchenna Amaefule

2024

Environmental Law Review

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Due to diminishing ice shelves in the Arctic, no doubt caused by climate change, previously unnavigable marine spaces are opening up, which in turn may provide new maritime routes. The shipping and maritime industry may capitalise on these routes more in the future as they provide shorter sailing times, and may assist with increasing oil and gas exploration and extraction in the region. However, increased maritime expansion in the Arctic comes with a number of unique risks and hazards for the insured and insurer. This opinion therefore seeks to discuss the implications of the multitude of risks that are associated with Arctic shipping from a marine insurance perspective and to highlight some of the gaps in existing regulatory frameworks. It is argued that marine insurers require improved data and risk management methodologies in order to better calculate the premiums of Hull & Machinery (H&M) and Protection & Indemnity (P&I) insurance policies for ships travelling through the Arctic. Until such time as these risks can be adequately assessed, evaluated, and managed by insurers; which of course is extremely difficult, due to the extreme environment, the unpredictability of climate change, a lack of key data, and the complexity of the various scenarios that can unfold in the Arctic environment, the practical viability of Arctic shipping remains doubtful. To date, insurers have paid out more in ship damage that has occurred in the Arctic than they have collected in premiums, which in itself is problematic. This situation may change in the future if Arctic shipping grows, and if it does the insurance market will no doubt, need to respond.

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Section: Inherent Risks Associated With Arctic Shippingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warming up to Arctic shipping: Unique risk management challenges for marine insurers

Rebelo,

Uchenna Amaefule

2024

Environmental Law Review

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“…It is worth affirming that the PC adapts to the latest polar navigation demand and natural environment by constantly improving itself. For example, the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) has adopted a resolution prohibiting the use of heavy fuel oil (HFO) in the Arctic, although certain exemptions mean that a complete ban in the Arctic is still years away [48] (P. 274). Especially in the context of the COVID-19 global pandemic, the IMO provided practical suggestions and guidance [49].…”

Section: The Field Of Arctic Navigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on our common future, the international community has further explored the concept of sustainable development, including the World Bank [8] (p. 8) and economist Herman Daly [9] (pp. [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. In 1991, the book Caring for the Earth-A Strategy for Sustainable Living edited by the International Union for Conservation of Nature further proposed a concept of sustainable development: improving the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems [10] (p. 10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

China’s Engagement in Arctic Governance for Its Sustainable Development Based on International Law Perspective

Jing-feng

Zhu

2023

Sustainability

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With climate change, melting sea ice and snow in the Arctic increase the probability that states engage in activities there. The prosperity of Arctic activities serves as a reminder to the international community that the issue of Arctic governance must be prioritised to avoid Arctic unsustainable development. As a major stakeholder besides the Arctic states, it is necessary to study China’s role in Arctic governance for its sustainable development to provide a reference for the diplomatic decision-making of other states. The paper selects international law as a perspective. It discusses China’s engagement in the development of international law related to the theme from the global, regional, and bilateral/multilateral levels. At the global level, China’s national role is characterized by engaging in global governance under the international rule of law for guarding the international order based on international law. At the regional level, China maintains the role of supporting and engaging in the Arctic Council, both before and after its establishment. At the bilateral and multilateral levels, China, as an Arctic stakeholder pursuing cooperation, has achieved many cooperation results. The paper holds that under China’s national roles, China’s engagement has affected the development of international law referred to the theme to some extent.

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“…The IMO's ban of heavy fuel oil (HFO) in the Antarctic, in effect since 2011, is particularly relevant, from an environmental but also an economic perspective, as it requires cruise ships to operate solely on more costly light marine fuel oil while in Antarctic waters (Jabour, 2014;Liggett & Stewart, 2020). The seventh session of the IMO's Pollution Prevention and Response Sub-Committee's meeting in February 2020 has decided to implement a similar policy for the Arctic and phase out the use of HFOs there from July 2024 onwards (Bai & Chircop, 2020;Comer et al, 2020).…”

Section: Polar Tourism Governancementioning

confidence: 99%

The future of sustainable polar ship-based tourism

Liggett¹,

Cajiao²,

Lamers³

et al. 2023

Camb. prisms Coast. futures

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Over the last couple of decades, polar tourism has significantly grown in the number of visitors and diversified in terms of the tourism activities offered. The COVID-19 pandemic brought polar tourism to a halt and has prompted researchers, operators and policy-makers alike to reflect on how Arctic and Antarctic tourism have developed, how they are being managed and governed and, importantly, how tourism operators influence polar socio-ecological systems. Given the dominance of ship-based tourism over other types of tourism in the Polar Regions, we discuss the cornerstones of how polar ship-based tourism has developed over the last 50 years and explore the relevant international and regional governance regimes in this article. We identify which positive and negative biophysical, socio-cultural and economic impacts arising from polar tourism have been identified by researchers. It is difficult, if not impossible, to disentangle impacts caused by tourism alone from those that result from the interactions of multiple pressures at all levels (local, regional and global), and more research is needed to develop reliable and effective indicators to monitor tourism impacts. In addition, a better understanding is needed about the role tourist experiences might play in potentially encouraging long-term positive behavioural changes among visitors to the Polar Regions. The COVID-19 pandemic has provided an important opportunity to review polar tourism development and management, and to ask whether an emphasis should be placed on ‘degrowth’ of the sector in the future.

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The Regulation of Heavy Fuel Oil in Arctic Shipping: Interests, Measures, and Impacts

Cited by 6 publications

References 10 publications

Warming up to Arctic shipping: Unique risk management challenges for marine insurers

Warming up to Arctic shipping: Unique risk management challenges for marine insurers

China’s Engagement in Arctic Governance for Its Sustainable Development Based on International Law Perspective

The future of sustainable polar ship-based tourism

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