The Relation Between Anxiety and Feeling of Presence During VR Immersion

Laframboise, Marie-Renee; Bouchard, Stéphane; Larouche, Serge; Robillard, Geneviève; Renaud, Patrice

doi:10.1037/e695432011-083

Cited by 1 publication

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“…Thus, in total 33 articles were included in the meta-analysis using virtual reality designed for treatment of anxiety disorders. The anxiety disorders addressed in these articles (with their references between brackets) were: Acrophobia [23] , [25] , [42] , [46] , [58] – [60] , Agoraphobia [48] , [61] , Claustrophobia [62] , [63] , Fear of animals [43] , [64] – [70] , Fear of flying [24] , [41] , Obsessive-compulsive disorder [26] , Social phobia [27] , [28] , [71] – [75] , and Exam/test anxiety [76] – [78] . One study investigated mixed phobias including fear of animals and Acrophobia or enclosed spaces [79] .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We categorized the presence questionnaires used in all the 33 articles and counted the number of occurrences of each questionnaire over the 52 correlations. This yielded the following categorization (in order of number of occurrences): Igroup Presence Questionnaires [16] (N = 27), Presence Questionnaire [19] , [20] (N = 10), Slater-Usoh-Steed Questionnaire [17] , [18] (N = 9), one-item presence questionnaire [23] , [41] (N = 3) and others [42] , [43] . Note that measurements that were used only by one research group were not included in the subgroup analyses.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the literature search included all three types of presence, the publications that met the inclusion criteria, and therefore were included in the meta-analysis, only reported spatial presence. Presence questionnaires included in the meta-analysis were the ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory [21] , the Igroup Presence Questionnaire [16] , the Slater-Usoh-Steed Questionnaire [17] , [18] , the Presence Questionnaire [19] , [20] , the one-item presence question [23] , [41] and others [42] , [43] . Anxiety measurements included in the meta-analysis were the state-anxiety scale from the Strait-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) [44] , the Subjective Units of Discomfort scale (SUD) [45] and the one-item question [23] , [26] , [46] .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Self-Reported Presence and Anxiety in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

et al. 2014

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In virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for anxiety disorders, sense of presence in the virtual environment is considered the principal mechanism that enables anxiety to be felt. Existing studies on the relation between sense of presence and level of anxiety, however, have yielded mixed results on the correlation between the two. In this meta-analysis, we reviewed publications on VRET for anxiety that included self-reported presence and anxiety. The comprehensive search of the literature identified 33 publications with a total of 1196 participants. The correlation between self-reported sense of presence and anxiety was extracted and meta-analyzed. Potential moderators such as technology characteristics, sample characteristics including age, gender and clinical status, disorder characteristics and study design characteristics such as measurements were also examined. The random effects analysis showed a medium effect size for the correlation between sense of presence and anxiety (r = .28; 95% CI: 0.18–0.38). Moderation analyses revealed that the effect size of the correlation differed across different anxiety disorders, with a large effect size for fear of animals (r = .50; 95% CI: 0.30–0.66) and a no to small effect size for social anxiety disorder (r = .001; 95% CI: −0.19–0.19). Further, the correlation between anxiety and presence was stronger in studies with participants who met criteria for an anxiety disorder than in studies with a non-clinical population. Trackers with six degrees of freedom and displays with a larger field of view resulted in higher effect sizes, compared to trackers with three degrees of freedom and displays with a smaller field of view. In addition, no difference in effect size was found for the type of presence measurement and the type of anxiety measurement. This meta-analysis confirms the positive relation between sense of presence and anxiety and demonstrates that this relation can be affected by various moderating factors.

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