The relation between conditioned stimulus intensity and response strength.

Perkins, Charles C.

doi:10.1037/h0063567

Cited by 89 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…CS intensity. Perkins (1953) and Logan (1954) have shown that the same prediction can be derived for the Hullian interpretation of stimulus generalization given that the background stimulation is of low intensity and the CSs are of relatively high intensity.…”

Section: University Of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112mentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Since there was no evidence of a difference in the amount of conditioning associated with either CS or UCS intensity, no statement can be made with respect to the directional effects predicted by the theories of Razran (1957), Perkins (1953), or Logan (1954. It is not likely that the failure to obtain an intensity effect on conditioning is due to a ceiling effect, since habituation did occur.…”

Section: Discussion Ucr Performancementioning

confidence: 82%

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Skin conductance response conditioning with CS intensities equal to and greater than UCS intensity

1975

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With .2-sec bursts of white noise as both conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (DCS), conditioning of first-interval skin conductance responses was obtained when the intensity of the CS equaled and exceeded that of the DCS. There was no evidence that second-interval response conditioning occurred. Nonspecific response frequencies were also affected by the variations in stimulus intensity, this raising some question about typical controls employed in SCR conditioning. There was some evidence that second interval responses were suppressed by the intense CS values. It was concluded that the existence of simple conditioning with a CS/DCS intensity ratio equal to or greater than unity was contrary to the Pavlovian proposition that a CS must be biologically less salient than the DCS in order for conditioning to occur. It was noted, however, that the suppression of second-interval responses might indicate that anticipatory CRs which are not confounded with orienting reflexes are prevented from exhibiting a conditioning effect when a high CS/DCS intensity ratio is employed.

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Section: University Of Utah Salt Lake City Utah 84112mentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Discussion Ucr Performancementioning

confidence: 82%

Skin conductance response conditioning with CS intensities equal to and greater than UCS intensity

1975

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“…However the differential conditioning hypothesis that inhibition generated by nonreinforced responding in the intertrial interval generalizes less to those CSs which are increasingly different from background stimulation can provide an alternative theoretical interpretation of the superiority of the intermittent CS. The differential 306 conditioning hypothesis, developed by Perkins (1953), Logan (1954) and Champion (1962), postulates that manipulation of CS intensity does not operate through Stimulus Intensity Dynamism (V) on the habit factor or through strength of neural traces but simply in terms of increasing the discriminability of the CS from background stimuli. The present finding does not provide differential support for either of these two formulations.…”

Section: Results and Diseussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of an intermittent versus continuous CS in classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit

1964

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Thirty four Ss were randomly assigned to two groups conditioned to either an 1100 msec. continuous CS tone (N = 17) or an intermittent, 50 msec. on and 50 msec.off, CS tone of 1100 msec. duration (N = 17). Higher levels of conditioning were obtained in the pulsed CS group and the relevance of this finding to the stimulus trace hypothesis was discussed. ProhlemIn Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1927) extensive use was made of intermittent CSs (e.g., rotating discs, metronome, bubbling water). Although a direct comparison of the relative efficacy of an intermittent vs. continuous CS on the course of conditioning has not been made, it might be expected that intermj.ttent stimuli would produce a greater number of afferent firings. According to Pavlov the strength of conditioning depends upon the intensity of the afferent state of affairs existing at the time of US onset. Hull (1943Hull ( , 1952 also postulated that strength of conditioning is a function of the intensity of the trace present at the time of US occurrence; and Anderson (1960) reformulating the stimulus trace concept within the framework of statistical learning theory, made the similar suggestion that strength of conditioning is a function of the number of active CS elements coincident with US onset. Consequently, the stimulus trace hypothesis would lead to the prediction that an intermittent CS produces a higher level of conditioning than a continuous CS. The present investigation was concerned with making such a comparison. MethodThe apparatus and preparation employed in conditioning the nictitating membrane of the rabbit have been described in detail (Gormezano, 1964;Schneiderman & Gormezano, 1964). Briefly, S was placed ina Plexiglass restraining box with his head inserted through an adjustable stock comprising the front of the box. Gross head movements were further reduced by fastening the pinna of both of Ss ears to the front of the stock with a foam rubber coated clamp. A muzzle-like assembly containing a stimulus air jet and rotary potentiometer was mounted on the animal's head. To permit recording of membrane movement and to insure continual exposure of the cornea, the superior and inferior eyelids of S's right eye were held back by means of stainless steel clasps. A silk thread was attached to a rod mechanically coupled to the shaft of the potentiometer and a smallmetal hook connected to the other end of the silk thread was attached to a nylon loop sutured in the nictitating membrane of S's right eye. The signals from the potentiometer, genera ted by movement of the membrane, were amplified and recorded by means of an Offner Dynograph.Thirty four albino rabbits, 80-100 days old, were randomly assigned to either a Continuous CS group (N = 17) wherein the CS consisted of a 1000 cps tone having an intensity of 76 db (relative to .0002 dynes/ cm 2 ) or to an Intermittent CS group (N = 17) conditioned to the same tone, except that the tone was repetitively interrupted, 50 msec. on and 50 msec. off, to produce a discont...

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“…An alternative interpretation of stimulus intensity effects in conditioning was offered by Perkins (1953) and Logan (1954). They suggested that what maybe important is not the absolute intensity of the stimulus, but the amount of contrast between the stimulus intensity and ambient or intertrial stimulation.…”

Section: Two Studies Tested the Generality Of The Perkins-logan Hypotmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stimulus change properties of the RT ready signal

Adams

Behar

1966

Psychon Sci

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The relation between conditioned stimulus intensity and response strength.

Cited by 89 publications

References 14 publications

Skin conductance response conditioning with CS intensities equal to and greater than UCS intensity

Skin conductance response conditioning with CS intensities equal to and greater than UCS intensity

A comparison of an intermittent versus continuous CS in classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response of the rabbit

Stimulus change properties of the RT ready signal

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