The relation between force and speed in muscular contraction

Katz, Bernhard

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1939.sp003756

Cited by 748 publications

(546 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…For example, Hortobagyi et al (1995) found that eccentric torque of knee extensors was relatively maintained in a group of older adults, although the correlations of either concentric or eccentric torque with muscle mass and fiber type and size were similar. Furthermore, while the majority of studies (Hortobagyi et al, 1995;Poulin et al, 1992) report a greater degree of preservation with higher contraction velocities, consistent with the low influence of velocity of contraction on force production during eccentric contractions (Katz, 1939), the maintenance of eccentric torque is reported across a wide range of velocities (from 30°s −1 to 300°s −1 ). Thus, it appears that the preservation of eccentric torque in older adults is a well-established phenomenon, occurring indiscriminately across different muscles groups, independent of age-related architectural changes in muscle structure and the velocity of the movement.…”

Section: Evidence For the Preservation Of Eccentric Strength In Oldermentioning

confidence: 74%

Preservation of eccentric strength in older adults: Evidence, mechanisms and implications for training and rehabilitation

Roig

MacIntyre

Eng

et al. 2010

Experimental Gerontology

118

125

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Overall reductions in muscle strength typically accompany the aging process. However, older adults show a relatively preserved capacity of producing eccentric strength. The preservation of eccentric strength in older adults is a well-established phenomenon, occurring indiscriminately across different muscle groups, independent of age-related architectural changes in muscle structure and velocity of movement.The mechanisms for the preservation of eccentric strength appear to be mechanical and cellular in origin and include both passive and active elements regulating muscle stiffness. The age-related accumulation of non-contractile material in the muscle-tendon unit increases passive stiffness, which might offer mechanical advantage during eccentric contractions. In addition, the preserved muscle tension and increased instantaneous stiffness of old muscle fibers during stretch increase active stiffness, which might enhance eccentric strength.The fact that the preservation of eccentric strength is present in people with chronic conditions when compared to age-matched healthy controls indicates that the aging process per se does not exclusively mediate the preservation of eccentric strength. Physical inactivity, which is common in elderly and people with chronic conditions, is a potential factor regulating the preservation of eccentric strength.When compared to concentric strength, the magnitude of the preservation of eccentric strength in older adults ranges from 2% to 48% with a mean value from all studies of 21.6%. This functional reserve of eccentric strength might be clinically relevant, especially to initiate resistance training and rehabilitation programs in individuals with low levels of strength.

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Section: Evidence For the Preservation Of Eccentric Strength In Oldermentioning

confidence: 74%

Preservation of eccentric strength in older adults: Evidence, mechanisms and implications for training and rehabilitation

Roig

MacIntyre

Eng

et al. 2010

Experimental Gerontology

118

125

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, a further problem is whether the shortening heat depends on the load or on the contractile force itself. According to KATZ (1939), the velocity of reversible lengthening was much smaller than the value calculated from Eq. (1), and the temperature coefficient (Q10) of the lengthening velocity was 1.56, while that of shortening velocity was about 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…8A. As pointed out by KATZ (1939), the lengthening curve consists of two phases, that is, an immediate downstroke and a slow uniform lengthening, when the load is less than 1.6 Po. As the tension curve was maintained at the load level, the lengthening velocity was measured in the linear part of the lengthening curve after the immediate downstroke due to the lengthening of the series elastic component.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Force-Load-Velocity Relation and the Viscous-Like Force in the Frog Skeletal Muscle

et al. 1972

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“…Active muscle offers a resistance to changes in length that varies with velocity (Hill, 1938;Katz, 1939). The afferent discharge from the muscle spindles is also known to depend on their rate of extension as well as their actual length (Matthews, 1933); furthermore, there is evidence that the response of the muscle spindles to length and to velocity of lengthening can to some extent be altered independently by fusimotor activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The reflex response to sinusoidal stretching of soleus in the decerebrate cat

Jansen¹,

Rack²

1966

The Journal of Physiology

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SUMMARY1. Soleus muscle in the decerebrate cat was stretched sinusoidally through various distances, at various frequencies while tension and e.m.g. activity were recorded.2. Two patterns of stretch reflex activity were seen. In one, slow stretching led to a large increase in tension, whereas in the other tension increased little during slow stretching, but rose steeply during a more rapid stretch. Intermediate states were also seen.3. Both these reflex patterns were abolished when the fusimotor fibres were blocked with Xylocaine.4. At low frequencies of stretching the e.m.g. activity was greatest at peak muscle length; at higher frequencies the greatest activity was found during lengthening. This angular advance of e.m.g. activity on length was greatest at 3-3-5 c/s. At the higher frequencies the e.m.g. activity was less in advance of muscle length.5. Angular advance of e.m.g. activity was greatest in the preparations that were also the most sensitive to slow stretching. 6. Muscle contraction follows an electrical stimulus with a small delay. The delay between the end of stimulation and the end of muscle relaxation is longer, and may exceed 200 msec in cat soleus.7. The timing of the reflex tension during sinusoidal stretching depended on how far the angular advance of the e.m.g. combined with the damping properties of muscle offset the time delays in the reflex pathway.8. Changes in muscle tension generally preceded changes in muscle length. When, however, stretch amplitudes of 1 mm (peak to peak) were used, a phase delay of tension was sometimes seen. This only occurred in preparations that also showed little sensitivity to slow stretching.9. Phase delay of tension was usually found with frequencies of * Present address: Department of Physiology, University of Birmingham.

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The relation between force and speed in muscular contraction

Cited by 748 publications

References 3 publications

Preservation of eccentric strength in older adults: Evidence, mechanisms and implications for training and rehabilitation

Preservation of eccentric strength in older adults: Evidence, mechanisms and implications for training and rehabilitation

The Force-Load-Velocity Relation and the Viscous-Like Force in the Frog Skeletal Muscle

The reflex response to sinusoidal stretching of soleus in the decerebrate cat

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