The Relation Between Intelligence and Social Status Among Orphan Children

A longitudinal investigation of the relationship between preinstitutional social deprivation and social motivation in institutionalized retardates.

“…This general view has now been supported in numerous studies. Thus, certain of the earlier findings of Zigler and Williams (1963) were consistent with those obtained from institutionalized children of normal intellect (Jones & Carr-Saunders, 1927). Several studies have now indicated that the enhanced effectiveness of social reinforcers following social deprivation is found in children of normal as well as retarded intellect (Green & Zigler, 1962;Stevenson & Fahel, 1961;Zigler, 1963).…”

Institutionalization and the effectiveness of social reinforcement: A three-year follow-up study.

“…This argument would appear to provide the conceptual framework for Clarke and Clarke's finding that HD subjects evidence an increase in IQ with relatively short institutionalization, with the LD subjects demonstrating no greater increase than a test-retest control group. One would further expect that with increasing institutionalization all children would exhibit a decrease in IQ, the phenomenon found by Jones and Carr-Saunders (1927), and one that appears in the present study. Direct support for this view comes from the finding of the present study that children who evidence the large decrease in IQ play the game longer during retesting than do children with smaller decreases in IQ.…”

The measurement of mental growth.

“…This has been found true not only in America, but in England (21, 40,45) and other foreign countries.…”